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The distribution and elevated solubility of lead, arsenic and cesium in contaminated paddy soil enhanced with the electrokinetic field

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Abstract

The objectives of this study were to investigate fractionation, solubility and potential bioavailability of Pb, As and Cs in Mississippi River Delta paddy soil under an electrokinetic field (EKF). Effects of EKF on soil pH changes and solid-phase distributions of metal(loid)s were examined. Results showed that fractionation of Pb, As and Cs was largely determined by the nature of elements, loading levels and EKF treatment. Native Pb in the soil was mostly in the amorphous iron oxide, organic matter and residual fractions, native As in the amorphous iron oxide, easily reducible oxide and residue fractions while native Cs in the residue fraction. Added Pb, As and Cs showed distinguished solid-phase distributions: Pb dominantly in the organic matter fraction; As in the amorphous iron oxide fraction, and Cs in the residue with a significant water-soluble plus exchangeable fraction. EKF treatment is effective on lowering soil pH to 1.5 near the anode due to water electrolysis releasing proton which is beneficial for dissolution of metal(loid)s, increasing their overall solubility. The acidification in the anode soil efficiently increased the water-soluble Pb and the exchangeable Cs, implying enhanced solubility and elevated their overall potential bioavailability in the anode region while lower solubility in the cathode area. The building up of water-soluble As in the anode region may be from electromigration of As anion from the cathode. This study shows significant enhancement of redistribution, elevated solubility and overall bioavailability of Pb, As and Cs in Mississippi Delta paddy soil under the EKF.

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Acknowledgments

This research was supported by U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC-HQ-84-15-G-0042 and NRC–HQ-12-G-38-0038) and U.S. Department of Commerce (NOAA) (NA11SEC4810001-003499). Mr. Mao was also supported by China Scholarship Council, Jiangsu Scientific Research Innovation Program of Ordinary Higher Education Graduate (KYZZ0156), Special Fund for Hydro-scientific Research in the Public Interest (201301017), and the Fundamental Research Fund for the Central Universities (2014B04814 and 2015B05814).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China

    X. Mao, X. Shao & Z. Zhang

  2. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Jackson State University, 1400 J. R. Lynch Street, P. O. Box 17910, Jackson, MS, 39217, USA

    X. Mao, F. X. Han, K. Guo, J. McComb, S. Njemanze & Z. Arslan

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  1. X. Mao
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Correspondence to F. X. Han.

Abbreviations

EKF

Electrokinetic field

EKR

Electrokinetic remediation

SOL

The water-soluble fraction

EXC

The exchangeable fraction

ERO

The easily reducible oxide bound fraction

AmoFe

Amorphous iron oxide bound fraction

OM

Organic matter bound fraction

CryFe

Crystalline iron oxide bound fraction

RES

Residual bound fraction

SSD

Selective sequential dissolution

ICP-MS

Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

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Mao, X., Han, F.X., Shao, X. et al. The distribution and elevated solubility of lead, arsenic and cesium in contaminated paddy soil enhanced with the electrokinetic field. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 13, 1641–1652 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-016-1007-2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-016-1007-2

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