Abstract
This study was carried out to deduce an appropriate analysis method to evaluate the homogeneity of the agricultural characteristics of genetically modified (GM) crops for environmental risk assessment. Comparative analyses were made between GM hot pepper lines and their control lines cultivated in the same year, between different GM peppers carrying the same gene but in different chromosomal loci, between the same GM peppers cultivated in different years and two different GM peppers carrying different genes from three GM peppers (B20, H15, and T20) and their control lines (P915, P2377, and THK). The aim was to determine the most appropriate comparison combination to establish the evaluating protocol and environmental risk assessment. Data of 57 different characteristics of pepper plants, green fruits and red fruits was collected during the optimal vegetation period. Of the 57 different characteristics, 24 characteristics were excluded as there was no difference and the remaining 33 characteristics were analyzed by t-test. There were statistical differences in five characteristics between the B20 and P915 lines, five characteristics between the H15 and P2377 lines and two characteristics between the T20 and THK lines cultivated either in 2008 or in 2011. On the other hand, there were significant differences in 11 characteristics between the B20 and H15 lines cultivated in 2008 and 14 characteristics between the H15 and T20 harvested in 2011. Comparative analysis of 33 agricultural characteristics between the H15 line cultivated in 2008 and 2011 showed the most significant differences. Based on this result, the comparison between the same GM lines cultivated in different years was judged meaningless when the homogeneity of agricultural characteristics of GM crops were evaluated. In conclusion, the comparative analysis between GM peppers and their control lines cultivated in the same year is the most appropriate while the homogeneity of agricultural characteristics is examined to assess environmental risk of GM peppers.
Similar content being viewed by others
Literature Cited
Bae, T.W., H.G. Kang, I.J. Song, H.J. Sun, S.M. Ko, P.S. Song, and H.Y. Lee. 2011. Environmental risk assessment of genetically modified herbicide-tolerant zoysiagrass. J. Plant Biotechn. 38:105–116.
Barker, H., B. Reavy, A. Kumar, K.D. Webster, and M.A. Mayo. 1992. Restricted virus multiplication in potatoes transformed with the coat protein gene of potato leaf roll luteovirus: Similarities with a type of host gene-mediated resistance. Ann. Appl. Biol. 120:55–64.
Bayley, C., M. Morgan, E.C. Dale, and D.W. Ow. 1992. Exchange of gene activity in transgenic plants catalyzed by the cre-lox site-specific recombination system. Plant Mol. Biol. 18:353–361.
Beck, C. and T. Ulrich. 1993. Biotechnology in the food industry. Biotechnology 11:895–902.
Bhandari, S.R., S. Basnet, K.H. Chung, K.H. Ryu, and Y.S. Lee. 2012. Comparisons of nutritional and phytochemical property of genetically modified CMV-resistant red pepper and its parental cultivars. Hort. Environ. Biotechnol. 53:151–157.
Castle, L.A., G. Wul, and D. McElroy. 2006. Agricultural input traits: Past, present and future. Current Opinion Biotechnol. 17:105–112.
Cho, D.W., J.P. Oh, K.W. Park, and K.H. Chung. 2009. Analysis of agricultural characteristics for the virus resistant GM pepper plants grown in three different regions in Korea. Kor. J. Hort. Sci. Technol. 27:521–529..
Cho, D.W. and K.H. Chung. 2011. Analysis of agricultural characters to establish the evaluating protocol and standard assessment for genetically modified peppers. J. Environ. Sci. 20:1183–1190.
Cuozzo, M., K.M. O’Connell, W.K. Kaniewski, R.X. Fang, N.H. Chua, and N.E. Tumer. 1988. Viral protection in transgenic tobacco plants expressing the cucumber mosaic virus coat protein or its antisense RNA. Biotechnology 6:549–557.
Delannay, X., B.J. Lavallee, R.K. Proksch, R.L. Fuchs, S.R. Sims, J.T. Greenplate, P.G. Marrone, R.B. Dodson, J.J. Augustine, J.G. Layton, and D.A. Fischhoff. 1989. Field performance of transgenic tomato plants expressing the Bacillus thuringiensis var. Kurstaki insect control protein. Biotechnology 7:1265–1269.
D’Halluin, K., E. Bonne, M. Bossut, M. Debeuckeleer, and J. Leemans. 1992. Transgenic maize plants by tissue electroporation. Plant Cell 4:1495–1505.
Fischoff, D.A., K.S. Bowdish, F.J. Perlak, P.G. Marrone, S.M. Mcgormick, J.G. Niedermeyer, D.A. Dean, K. Kusano-Kretzmer, E.J. Mayer, D.E. Rochester, S.G. Rogers, and R.T. Fraley. 1987. Insect tolerant transgenic tomato plants. Biotechnology 5:807–813.
Fromm, M.E., F. Morrish, G. Aromtrong, R. Wolliams, J. Thomas, and T.M. Klein. 1990. Inheritance and expression of chimeric genes in the progeny of transgenic maize plants. Biotechnology 8:833–839.
Gasser, G.S. and R.T. Frayley. 1992. Transgenic Grops. Sci. Amer. 266:34–39.
Ge, Y., T. Norton, and J.Y. Wang. 2006. Transgenic zoysia (Zoysia japonica) plant obtained by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Plant Cell Rep. 25:792–798.
Goy, P.A. and J.H. Duesing. 1995. From pots and plots: Genetically modified plants on trial. Biotechnology 13:454–458.
Hightower, R., G. Baden, E. Penzes, P. Lund, and P. Dunsmuir. 1991. Expression of antifreeze protems in transgenic plants. Plant Mol. Biol. 17:1013–1021.
Hwang, K.S., S.J. Lee, Y.H. Kwack, and K.S. Kim. 1997. Soil chemical properties of major vegetable producing open fields. Kor. Soc. Soil Sci. Fertilizer 30:146–151.
James, C. 2011. Global status of commercialized biotech/GM crops: 2010. ISAAA Brief No. 43. ISAAA, Ithaca, NY, USA.
John, M.E. and J. McD. Stewart. 1992. Genes for jeans: Biotechnological advances in cotton. Trends Biotechnol. 10:165–170.
Jongedijk, E., A.A.J.M. De Schutter, T. Stolte, P.J.M. Van Der Elzen, and B.J.G. Cornelissen. 1992. Increased resistance to potato virus X and preservation of cultivar properties in transgenic potato under field conditions. Biotechnology 10:422–429.
Kim, G.T. 2003. A study on the growth, photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll contents of Ligularia fischeri by the growing sites. J. Korean For. Soc. 92:374–379.
Kim H.C. and H.M. Kim. 2003. Risk assessment of genetically modified organisms Korea J. Toxicol. Pub. Health 19:1–12.
Koziel, M.G., G.L. Beland, G. Bowman, N.B. Garozzi, R. Grenshaw, L. Grossland, J. Dawson, N. Desai, M. Hill, S. Kadwell, K. Launis, K. Lewis, D. Maddox, K. McPherson, M.R. Meghji, E. Merlin, R. Rhodes, G.W. Warren, M. Wright, and S.V. Evola. 1993. Field performance of elite transgenic maize plants expressing an insecticidal protein derived from Bacillus thuringiensis. Biotechnology 11:194–200.
Lawson, G., W. Kaniewski, L. Haley, R. Rozman, G. Newell, P. Sanders, and N.E. Tumer. 1990. Engineering resistance to mixed virus infection in a commercial potato cultivar: Resistance to potato virus X and potato virus Y in transgenic Russet Burbank. Biotechnology 8:127–134.
Lee, M.Y., Y.S. Song, and K.H. Ryu. 2011. Development of infectious transcripts from full-length and GFP-tagged cDNA clones of Pepper mottle virus and stable systemic expression of GFP in tobacco and pepper. Virus Res. 155:487–494.
Lee, S.W. 2010. Current status on the development and commercialization of GM plants. J. Plant Biotechnol. 37:305–312.
Lee, Y.H., H.S. Kim, J.Y. Kim, M. Jung, Y.S. Park, J.S. Lee, S.H. Choi, N.H. Her, J.H. Lee, N.I. Hyung, C.H. Lee, S.G. Yang, and C.H. Harn. 2004. A new selection method for pepper transformation: Callus-mediated shoot formation. Plant Cell Rep. 23:50–58.
Lee, Y.H., M. Jung, S.H. Shin, J.H. Lee, S.H. Choi, N.H. Her, J.H. Lee, K.H. Ryu, K.Y. Paek, and C.H. Harn. 2009. Transgenic peppers that are highly tolerant to a new CMV pathotype. Plant Cell Rep. 28:223–232.
Limbo, J.A. and W.G. Dougherty. 1992. Pathogene-derved resistance to a potyvirus: Immune and resistance phenotype in the transgenic tobacco expressing the altered forms of a potyvirus coat protein nucleotide sequence. Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 5:144–153.
Mitten, D.H., M.K. Redenbaugh, M. Sovero, and M.G. Kramer. 1992. Safety assessment and commercialization of transgenic fresh tomato food products, transgenic cotton products and transgenic rapeseed oil products, p. 179–184. In: R. Gasper and J. Landsmann (eds.). Proceedings of 2nd international symposium on biosafety results of field tests of genetically modified plants and microorganisms. Biologische Bundesanstalt fiir Land-und Forstwirtschaft, Braunschweig, Germany.
Nelson, R.S., S.M. McGormick, X. Delannay, P. Dube, J. Layton, E.J. Anderson, M. Kaniewska, R.K. Proksch, R.B. Horsch, S.G. Rogers, R.T. Fraley, and R.N. Beachy. 1988. Virus tolerance, plant growth, and field performance of transgenic tomato plants expressing coat protein from tobacco mosaic virus. Biotechnology 6:403–409.
Nida, D.L., J.R. Anjos, G.P. Lomonossoff, and S.A. Ghabrial. 1992. Expression of cow pea mosaic virus coat protein precursor in transgenic tobacco plants. J. Gen. Virol. 73:157–163.
Perlak, F.J., R.W. Deaton, T.A. Armstrong, R.L. Fuchs, S.R. Sims, J.T. Greenplate, and D.A. Fischhoff. 1990. Insect resistant cotton plants. Biotechnology 8:939–943.
Powell-Abel, P., R.S. Nelson, B. De, N. Hoffman, S.G. Rogers, R.T. Fraley, and R. Beachy. 1986. Delay of the disease development in transgenic plants that express the tobacco mosaic virus coat protein gene. Science 232:738–743.
Rogers, H.J. and Parkes H.C. 1995. Transgenic plants and the environment. J. Exp. Bot. 46:467–488.
Sijmons, P.G., B.M.M. Dekker, B. Schrammeijer, T.G. Verwoerd, P.J.M. Van Den Elzen, and A. Hoekema. 1990. Production of correctly processed human serum albumin in transgenic plants. Biotechnology 8:217–221.
Toyama, K., C.H. Bae, J.G. Kang, Y.P. Lim, T. Adachi, K.Z. Riu, P.S. Song, and H.Y. Lee. 2003. Production of the herbicide-tolerant zoysia-grass by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Mol. Cells 16:19–27.
Van Der Wilk, F., D.P.-L. Willink, M.J. Huis-Man, H. Huttinga, and R. Goldbach. 1991. Expression of the potato leafroll luteovirus coat protein gene in transgenic potato plants inhibits viral infection. Plant Mol. Biol. 17:431–439.
Zhang, L., D. Wu, L. Zhang, and C. Yang. 2007. Agrobacteriummrdiated transformation of Japanese rawgrass (Zoysia japonica Steud) containing a synthetic cryIA(b) gene from Bacillus thuringiensis. Plant Breeding 126:428–432.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Oh, J.P., Chung, K.H. Analysis of agricultural characteristics to establish the evaluation protocol and environmental risk assessment for genetically modified hot pepper crops. Hortic. Environ. Biotechnol. 53, 349–356 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13580-012-0051-1
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13580-012-0051-1