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Waste-derived stable carbon electrodes for capacitive deionization using poly (vinyl alcohol)-glutaraldehyde as binder

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Abstract

Capacitive deionization (CDI), an emerging and promising new method, is being utilized to remove ionic and polarizable species from water. The development of effective electrode materials has been the main driving force behind the increased interest in the CDI system for water purification because it is simple to use, affordable, and environmentally friendly compared to other traditional methods. Carbon electrodes made from biomass are often considered as low-cost, high-performance energy storage materials due to their abundance, simple synthesis methods, and high specific surface area. Herein, we developed materials from biowastes of banana plant leaves (B) and java black (J) that were hydrothermally carbonized. These materials were then chemically treated with KOH at a 1:4 ratio to produce extremely porous activated carbon from the biowastes of banana plant leaves (AC-B) and java black (AC-J). The surface areas of AC-B and AC-J were 84.155 and 295.517 m2 g−1 respectively, with high mesoporous properties. Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) was employed as a binder to bind the synthetic activated carbons like AC-B and AC-J together in order to make electrodes. Despite the fact that PVA is hydrophilic by nature, the hydrophobic glutaraldehyde (GA) was used to cross-link the PVA molecules in order to increase the durability of the carbon material and produced AC-B-PVA-GA and AC-J-PVA-GA electrodes. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller, and cyclic voltammetry were used to characterize the synthesized carbon materials. The newly developed CDI electrodes, which demonstrated a variety of electrosorption capacities at different applied potentials, were used to investigate the effectiveness of the desalination process. The developed electrodes showed good stability under shear conditions, and the CDI process was repeatable and stable after around 10 electrosorption cycles. For example, the specific capacities of the AC-B-PVA-GA and AC-J-PVA-GA electrodes were 31.01 and 40.78 F/g, respectively in a 0.5 M NaCl aqueous solution. At 1.2 V, it was found that the AC-B-PVA-GA and AC-J-PVA-GA electrodes removed 2.41 and 3.64 mg g−1 of salt, respectively. The findings obtained encourage the development of CDI systems for desalination and water treatment and provide essential information on ion electrosorption. It also demonstrates an effective method for environmental cleanup utilizing a basic CDI system.

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Funding

The work was carried under the institutional fund of the National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080, Pakistan

    Bakhtiar Ali Samejo, Naveed Qasim Abro & Najma Memon

  2. Lincoln University College, Wisma Lincoln, 47301, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia

    Sandeep Poddar

  3. Department of Chemistry, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh

    Ahsan Habib

Authors
  1. Bakhtiar Ali Samejo
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  2. Naveed Qasim Abro
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  3. Najma Memon
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  4. Sandeep Poddar
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  5. Ahsan Habib
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Contributions

Bakhtiar Samejo: formal analysis, data curation, experimental results analysis, draft—review and editing. Naveed Qasim Abro: formal analysis, data curation. Najma Memon: conceptualization, methodology, investigation, writing—original draft, writing—review and editing, final review and editing, fund acquisition, supervision. Sandeep Poddar: conceptualization, editing. Ahsan Habib: conceptualization, writing—review and editing, final review and editing.

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Correspondence to Najma Memon or Ahsan Habib.

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Samejo, B.A., Abro, N.Q., Memon, N. et al. Waste-derived stable carbon electrodes for capacitive deionization using poly (vinyl alcohol)-glutaraldehyde as binder. Biomass Conv. Bioref. (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-023-04982-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-023-04982-4

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