Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Biomass-based carbon electrode materials for capacitive deionization: a review

  • Review Article
  • Published:
Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Capacitive deionization (CDI) is a promising water purification technology which works by removing salt ions or charged species from aqueous solutions. Currently, most of the research on CDI focuses on the desalination of water with low or moderate salt concentration due to the low salt adsorption capacity of the electrodes. The electrosorption capacity of CDI relies on the structural and textural characteristics of the electrode materials. The cost of electrode materials, the complicated synthesis methods, and the environmental concerns arising from material synthesis steps hinder the development of large-scale CDI units. By considering the good electrical conductivity, high specific surface area (SSA), porous structure, availability, mass production, and cost, porous carbon derived from biomass materials may be a promising CDI electrode material. This review presents an update on carbon nanomaterials derived from various biomasses for CDI electrodes. It covers different synthesis methods and the electrosorption performance of each material and discusses the impact of the SSA and porous structure of the materials on desalination. This review shows that a variety of biomass materials can be used to synthesize cost-effective CDI electrode materials with different structures and good desalination performance. It also shows that diverse precursors and synthesis routes have significant influences on the properties and performance of the resulting carbon electrodes. Additionally, the performance of CDI does not depend only on BET surface area and pore structure but also on the applied voltage, initial concentration of the feed solution, and mass, as well as the capacitance of the electrodes.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17
Fig. 18
Fig. 19
Fig. 20
Fig. 21
Fig. 22

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Fujioka R, Wang LP, Dodbiba G, Fujita T (2013) Application of progressive freeze-concentration for desalination. Desalination 319:33–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2013.04.005

    Google Scholar 

  2. Ng KC, Thu K, Oh SJ, Ang L, Shahzad MW, Ismail AB (2015) Recent developments in thermally-driven seawater desalination: energy efficiency improvement by hybridization of the MED and AD cycles. Desalination 356:255–270

    Google Scholar 

  3. Greenlee LF, Lawler DF, Freeman BD, Marrot B, Moulin P (2009) Reverse osmosis desalination: water sources, technology, and today's challenges. Water Res 43:2317–2348

    Google Scholar 

  4. Souhaimi MK, Matsuura T (2011) Membrane distillation: principles and applications. Elsevier

  5. Youssef PG, Al-Dadah RK, Mahmoud SM (2014) Comparative analysis of desalination technologies. Energy Procedia 61:2604–2607. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2014.12.258

    Google Scholar 

  6. Demirer ON, Naylor RM, Rios Perez CA, Wilkes E, Hidrovo C (2013) Energetic performance optimization of a capacitive deionization system operating with transient cycles and brackish water. Desalination 314:130–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2013.01.014

    Google Scholar 

  7. Desale GR, Vasudevan P, Pothal JK, Zala KS, Bhatti BA, Singh SN, Sen PK (2011) Purification of water using vertical multiple effect distillation unit. J Sci Ind Res 70:634–638

    Google Scholar 

  8. Al-Shammiri M, Safar M (1999) Multi-effect distillation plants: state of the art. Desalination 126:45–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0011-9164(99)00154-X

    Google Scholar 

  9. Abdul-Wahab SA, Abdo J (2007) Optimization of multistage flash desalination process by using a two-level factorial design. Appl Therm Eng 27:413–421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2006.07.010

    Google Scholar 

  10. Hamed OA, Al-Sofi MAK, Imam M, Mustafa GM, Ba Mardouf K, Al-Washmi H (2000) Thermal performance of multi-stage flash distillation plants in Saudi Arabia. Desalination 128:281–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0011-9164(00)00043-6

    Google Scholar 

  11. Ettouney HE-DH (1999) Single-effect thermal vapor-compression desalination process: thermal analysis. Heat Transfer Eng 20:52–68. https://doi.org/10.1080/014576399271583

    Google Scholar 

  12. Al-Juwayhel F, El-Dessouky H, Ettouney H (1997) Analysis of single-effect evaporator desalination systems combined with vapor compression heat pumps. Desalination 114:253–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0011-9164(98)00017-4

    Google Scholar 

  13. Bahar R, Hawlader MNA, Woei LS (2004) Performance evaluation of a mechanical vapor compression desalination system. Desalination 166:123–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2004.06.066

    Google Scholar 

  14. Ettouney H (2006) Design of single-effect mechanical vapor compression. Desalination 190:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2005.08.003

    Google Scholar 

  15. Fritzmann C, Löwenberg J, Wintgens T, Melin T (2007) State-of-the-art of reverse osmosis desalination. Desalination 216:1–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2006.12.009

    Google Scholar 

  16. Kaschemekat J, Hilgendorff W, Bőddeker K, Hassan A, Malik A (1983) Two-stage reverse osmosis seawater desalination. Desalination 46:151–156

    Google Scholar 

  17. Lee J-G, Kim W-S (2013) Numerical modeling of the vacuum membrane distillation process. Desalination 331:46–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2013.10.022

    Google Scholar 

  18. Ali MI, Summers EK, Arafat HA, Lienhard JHV (2012) Effects of membrane properties on water production cost in small scale membrane distillation systems. Desalination 306:60–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2012.07.043

    Google Scholar 

  19. Khayet, M, Matsuura, T, (2011) Membrane distillation: principles and applications, access online via Elsevier

  20. Quist-Jensen CA, Macedonio F, Drioli E (2015) Membrane technology for water production in agriculture: desalination and wastewater reuse. Desalination 364:17–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2015.03.001

    Google Scholar 

  21. Al-Karaghouli A, Kazmerski LL (2013) Energy consumption and water production cost of conventional and renewable-energy-powered desalination processes. Renew Sust Energ Rev 24:343–356

    Google Scholar 

  22. Warsinger DM, Swaminathan J, Guillen-Burrieza E, Arafat HA, Lienhard JHV (2015) Scaling and fouling in membrane distillation for desalination applications: a review. Desalination 356:294–313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2014.06.031

    Google Scholar 

  23. Moon AS, Lee M (2012) Energy consumption in forward osmosis-desalination compared to other desalination techniques. World Acad Sci Eng Technol 65:537–539

    Google Scholar 

  24. Welgemoed TJ, Schutte CF (2005) Capacitive Deionization Technology™: an alternative desalination solution. Desalination 183:327–340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2005.02.054

    Google Scholar 

  25. Gaikwad MS, Balomajumder C (2016) Capacitive deionization for desalination using nanostructured electrodes. Anal Lett 49:1641–1655. https://doi.org/10.1080/00032719.2015.1118485

    Google Scholar 

  26. Anderson MA, Cudero AL, Palma J (2010) Capacitive deionization as an electrochemical means of saving energy and delivering clean water. Comparison to present desalination practices: will it compete? Electrochim Acta 55:3845–3856. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2010.02.012

    Google Scholar 

  27. Khayet M (2011) Membranes and theoretical modeling of membrane distillation: a review. Adv Colloid Interf Sci 164:56–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2010.09.005

    Google Scholar 

  28. Cath T, Childress A, Elimelech M (2006) Forward osmosis: principles, applications, and recent developments. J Membr Sci 281:70–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2006.05.048

    Google Scholar 

  29. Farmer JC, Fix DV, Mack GV, Pekala RW, Poco JF (1996) Capacitive deionization of NaCl and NaNO3 solutions with carbon aerogel electrodes. J Electrochem Soc 143:159–169. https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1836402

    Google Scholar 

  30. Welgemoed, TJ (2005) Capacitive deionization technology™: development and evaluation of an industrial prototype system. MEng (Water utilization), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa

  31. Jande YAC, Kim WS (2013) Desalination using capacitive deionization at constant current. Desalination 329:29–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2013.08.023

    Google Scholar 

  32. Lee JY, Seo SJ, Yun SH, Moon SH (2011) Preparation of ion exchanger layered electrodes for advanced membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI). Water Res 45:5375–5380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2011.06.028

    Google Scholar 

  33. Zhao R, Biesheuvel PM, Van der Wal A (2012) Energy consumption and constant current operation in membrane capacitive deionization. Energy Environ Sci 5:9520. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2ee21737f

    Google Scholar 

  34. Zhao R, Satpradit O, Rijnaarts HH, Biesheuvel PM, van der Wal A (2013) Optimization of salt adsorption rate in membrane capacitive deionization. Water Res 47:1941–1952. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2013.01.025

    Google Scholar 

  35. Suss ME, Porada S, Sun X, Biesheuvel PM, Yoon J, Presser V (2015) Water desalination via capacitive deionization: what is it and what can we expect from it? Energy Environ Sci 8:2296–2319. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5ee00519a

    Google Scholar 

  36. Liu P, Wang H, Yan T, Zhang J, Shi L, Zhang D (2016) Grafting sulfonic and amine functional groups on 3D graphene for improved capacitive deionization. J Mater Chem 4:5303–5313. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5ta10680j

    Google Scholar 

  37. Yang J, Zou L, Choudhury NR (2013) Ion-selective carbon nanotube electrodes in capacitive deionisation. Electrochim Acta 91:11–19

    Google Scholar 

  38. Yan T, Xu B, Zhang J, Shi L, Zhang D (2018) Ion-selective asymmetric carbon electrodes for enhanced capacitive deionization. RSC Adv 8:2490–2497. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7ra10443j

    Google Scholar 

  39. Lu M, Liu J-Y, Cheng J, Wang S-P, Yang J-M (2014) Functionalized graphene/activated carbon composite electrodes for asymmetric capacitive deionization. Acta Phys -Chim Sin 30:2263–2271

    Google Scholar 

  40. Zou L, Li L, Song H, Morris G (2008) Using mesoporous carbon electrodes for brackish water desalination. Water Res 42:2340–2348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2007.12.022

    Google Scholar 

  41. Zhao, R (2013) Theory and operation of capacitive deionization systems. PhD thesis, Wageningen University,

  42. Porada S, Zhao R, van der Wal A, Presser V, Biesheuvel PM (2013) Review on the science and technology of water desalination by capacitive deionization. Prog Mater Sci 58:1388–1442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2013.03.005

    Google Scholar 

  43. Yasin AS, Obaid M, Mohamed IM, Yousef A, Barakat NA (2017) ZrO2 nanofibers/activated carbon composite as a novel and effective electrode material for the enhancement of capacitive deionization performance. RSC Adv 7:4616–4626

    Google Scholar 

  44. Srimuk P, Zeiger M, Jäckel N, Tolosa A, Krüner B, Fleischmann S, Grobelsek I, Aslan M, Shvartsev B, Suss ME, Presser V (2017) Enhanced performance stability of carbon/titania hybrid electrodes during capacitive deionization of oxygen saturated saline water. Electrochim Acta 224:314–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2016.12.060

    Google Scholar 

  45. Gao X, Omosebi A, Holubowitch N, Liu A, Ruh K, Landon J, Liu K (2016) Polymer-coated composite anodes for efficient and stable capacitive deionization. Desalination 399:16–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2016.08.006

    Google Scholar 

  46. Cohen I, Avraham E, Bouhadana Y, Soffer A, Aurbach D (2013) Long term stability of capacitive de-ionization processes for water desalination: the challenge of positive electrodes corrosion. Electrochim Acta 106:91–100

    Google Scholar 

  47. Lee J-H, Bae W-S, Choi J-H (2010) Electrode reactions and adsorption/desorption performance related to the applied potential in a capacitive deionization process. Desalination 258:159–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2010.03.020

    Google Scholar 

  48. He D, Wong CE, Tang W, Kovalsky P, Waite TD (2016) Faradaic reactions in water desalination by batch-mode capacitive deionization. Environ Sci Technol Lett 3:222–226. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.6b00124

    Google Scholar 

  49. Gao X, Landon J, Neathery JK, Liu K (2013) Modification of carbon xerogel electrodes for more efficient asymmetric capacitive deionization. J Electrochem Soc 160:E106–E112. https://doi.org/10.1149/2.111309jes

    Google Scholar 

  50. Gao X, Omosebi A, Landon J, Liu K (2015) Surface charge enhanced carbon electrodes for stable and efficient capacitive deionization using inverted adsorption–desorption behavior. Energy Environ Sci 8:897–909. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4ee03172e

    Google Scholar 

  51. Omosebi A, Gao X, Landon J, Liu K (2014) Asymmetric electrode configuration for enhanced membrane capacitive deionization. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 6:12640–12649. https://doi.org/10.1021/am5026209

    Google Scholar 

  52. Lee J, Kim S, Kim C, Yoon J (2014) Hybrid capacitive deionization to enhance the desalination performance of capacitive techniques. Energy Environ Sci 7:3683–3689. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4EE02378A

    Google Scholar 

  53. Srimuk P, Lee J, Fleischmann S, Choudhury S, Jäckel N, Zeiger M, Kim C, Aslan M, Presser V (2017) Faradaic deionization of brackish and sea water via pseudocapacitive cation and anion intercalation into few-layered molybdenum disulfide. J Mater Chem 5:15640–15649. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7ta03120c

    Google Scholar 

  54. Porada S, Shrivastava A, Bukowska P, Biesheuvel PM, Smith KC (2017) Nickel hexacyanoferrate electrodes for continuous cation intercalation desalination of brackish water. Electrochim Acta 255:369–378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2017.09.137

    Google Scholar 

  55. Srimuk P, Kaasik F, Kruner B, Tolosa A, Fleischmann S, Jackel N, Tekeli MC, Aslan M, Suss ME, Presser V (2016) MXene as a novel intercalation-type pseudocapacitive cathode and anode for capacitive deionization. J Mater Chem 4:18265–18271. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6TA07833H

    Google Scholar 

  56. Xing F, Li T, Li J, Zhu H, Wang N, Cao X (2017) Chemically exfoliated MoS2 for capacitive deionization of saline water. Nano Energy 31:590–595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2016.12.012

    Google Scholar 

  57. Singh K, Porada S, de Gier HD, Biesheuvel PM, de Smet LCPM (2019) Timeline on the application of intercalation materials in capacitive deionization. Desalination 455:115–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2018.12.015

    Google Scholar 

  58. Cooper, JL (1969) Activated carbon used as electrodes in electrochemical demineralization of saline water. PhD thesis, The University of Oklahoma,

  59. John W B, George W M, Electrochemical demineralization of water with porous electrodes of large surface area, in: Advances in chemistry, American Chemical Society, 1960, 206–223

  60. Johnson AM, Venolia AW, Wilbourne RG, Newman J, Nuys V, Wong C, Gillam WS, Johnson S, Horowitz RH (1970) The electrosorb process for desalting water

  61. Johnson AM, Newman J (1971) Desalting by means of porous carbon electrodes. J Electrochem Soc 118:510–517

    Google Scholar 

  62. Biesheuvel PM, Bazant MZ (2010) Nonlinear dynamics of capacitive charging and desalination by porous electrodes. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlinear Soft Matter Phys 81:031502

    Google Scholar 

  63. Biesheuvel PM, Fu Y, Bazant MZ (2011) Diffuse charge and Faradaic reactions in porous electrodes. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlinear Soft Matter Phys 83:061507. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.83.061507

    Google Scholar 

  64. Brogioli D, Zhao R, Biesheuvel PM (2011) A prototype cell for extracting energy from a water salinity difference by means of double layer expansion in nanoporous carbon electrodes. Energy Environ Sci 4:772. https://doi.org/10.1039/c0ee00524j

    Google Scholar 

  65. Biesheuvel PM (2009) Thermodynamic cycle analysis for capacitive deionization. J Colloid Interface Sci 332:258–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2008.12.018

    Google Scholar 

  66. Biesheuvel PM, van Limpt B, van der Wal A (2009) Dynamic adsorption/desorption process model for capacitive deionization. J Phys Chem 113:5636–5640

    Google Scholar 

  67. Kim T, Dykstra JE, Porada S, van der Wal A, Yoon J, Biesheuvel PM (2015) Enhanced charge efficiency and reduced energy use in capacitive deionization by increasing the discharge voltage. J Colloid Interface Sci 446:317–326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2014.08.041

    Google Scholar 

  68. Enpar (2015) Enpar Technologies Inc. www.enpar-tech.com/products_esd.php. Accessed on June 16, 2015

  69. Voltea (2015) Voltea’s water deionization technology. http://www.voltea.com Accessed on June 18, 2015

  70. Idropan-dell'Orto (2015) Idropan dell'Orto Depuratori S.r.l. www.idropan.com/en/. Accessed on June 16, 2015

  71. Jande YAC, Asif M, Shim SM, Kim WS (2014) Energy minimization in monoethanolamine-based CO2 capture using capacitive deionization. Int J Energy Res 38:1531–1540. https://doi.org/10.1002/er.3168

    Google Scholar 

  72. Paz-Garcia JM, Dykstra JE, Biesheuvel PM, Hamelers HV (2015) Energy from CO2 using capacitive electrodes—a model for energy extraction cycles. J Colloid Interface Sci 442:103–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2014.11.045

    Google Scholar 

  73. Paz-Garcia JM, Schaetzle O, Biesheuvel PM, Hamelers HVM (2014) Energy from CO2 using capacitive electrodes—theoretical outline and calculation of open circuit voltage. J Colloid Interface Sci 418:200–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2013.11.081

    Google Scholar 

  74. Jung S-M, Choi J-H, Kim J-H (2012) Application of capacitive deionization (CDI) technology to insulin purification process. Sep Purif Technol 98:31–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2012.06.005

    Google Scholar 

  75. Janssen AJH, Schrader GA, Verbeek PHJ, (2013) Method and system for enhancing oil recovery (EOR) by injecting treated water into an oil bearing formation, in, Shell Oil Company, Houston, pp. 1–7

  76. Huang WEI, Zhang Y, Bao S, Song S (2013) Desalination by capacitive deionization with carbon-based materials as electrode: a review. Surf Rev Lett 20:1330003. https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x13300050

    Google Scholar 

  77. Wang L, Wang M, Huang Z-H, Cui T, Gui X, Kang F, Wang K, Wu D (2011) Capacitive deionization of NaCl solutions using carbon nanotube sponge electrodes. J Mater Chem 21:18295. https://doi.org/10.1039/c1jm13105b

    Google Scholar 

  78. Wang S, Wang D, Ji L, Gong Q, Zhu Y, Liang J (2007) Equilibrium and kinetic studies on the removal of NaCl from aqueous solutions by electrosorption on carbon nanotube electrodes. Sep Purif Technol 58:12–16

    Google Scholar 

  79. Zou L, Morris G, Qi D (2008) Using activated carbon electrode in electrosorptive deionisation of brackish water. Desalination 225:329–340

    Google Scholar 

  80. Oda H, Nakagawa Y (2003) Removal of ionic substances from dilute solution using activated carbon electrodes. Carbon 41:1037–1047

    Google Scholar 

  81. El-Deen AG, Barakat NA, Khalil KA, Kim HY (2014) Hollow carbon nanofibers as an effective electrode for brackish water desalination using the capacitive deionization process. New J Chem 38:198–205

    Google Scholar 

  82. Xu P, Drewes JE, Heil D, Wang G (2008) Treatment of brackish produced water using carbon aerogel-based capacitive deionization technology. Water Res 42:2605–2617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2008.01.011

    Google Scholar 

  83. Gabelich CJ, Tran TD, Suffet IHM (2002) Electrosorption of inorganic salts from aqueous solution using carbon aerogels. Environ Sci Technol 36:3010–3019

    Google Scholar 

  84. Li H, Lu T, Pan L, Zhang Y, Sun Z (2009) Electrosorption behavior of graphene in NaCl solutions. J Mater Chem 19:6773. https://doi.org/10.1039/b907703k

    Google Scholar 

  85. Li H, Zou L, Pan L, Sun Z (2010) Novel graphene-like electrodes for capacitive deionization. Environ Sci Technol 44:8692–8697

    Google Scholar 

  86. Liu P, Yan T, Shi L, Park HS, Chen X, Zhao Z, Zhang D (2017) Graphene-based materials for capacitive deionization. J Mater Chem 5:13907–13943. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7ta02653f

    Google Scholar 

  87. Liu Y, Nie C, Liu X, Xu X, Sun Z, Pan L (2015) Review on carbon-based composite materials for capacitive deionization. RSC Adv 5:15205–15225. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4ra14447c

    Google Scholar 

  88. Chen Y, Zhu Y, Wang Z, Li Y, Wang L, Ding L, Gao X, Ma Y, Guo Y (2011) Application studies of activated carbon derived from rice husks produced by chemical-thermal process—a review. Adv Colloid Interf Sci 163:39–52

    Google Scholar 

  89. Oren Y (2008) Capacitive deionization (CDI) for desalination and water treatment—past, present and future (a review). Desalination 228:10–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2007.08.005

    Google Scholar 

  90. Al-Marzooqi FA, Al-Ghaferi AA, Saadat I, Hilal N (2014) Application of capacitive deionisation in water desalination: a review. Desalination 342:3–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2014.02.031

    Google Scholar 

  91. Jia B, Zhang W (2016) Preparation and application of electrodes in capacitive deionization (CDI): a state-of-art review. Nanoscale Res Lett 11:64. https://doi.org/10.1186/s11671-016-1284-1

    Google Scholar 

  92. Thamilselvan A, Nesaraj AS, Noel M (2016) Review on carbon-based electrode materials for application in capacitive deionization process. Int J Environ Sci Technol 13:2961–2976. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-016-1061-9

    Google Scholar 

  93. Ratajczak P, Suss ME, Kaasik F, Béguin F (2019) Carbon electrodes for capacitive technologies. Energy Storage Mater 16:126–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2018.04.031

    Google Scholar 

  94. Choi J, Dorji P, Shon HK, Hong S (2019) Applications of capacitive deionization: desalination, softening, selective removal, and energy efficiency. Desalination 449:118–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2018.10.013

    Google Scholar 

  95. Han B, Cheng G, Wang Y, Wang X (2019) Structure and functionality design of novel carbon and faradaic electrode materials for high-performance capacitive deionization. Chem Eng J 360:364–384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.11.236

    Google Scholar 

  96. Chew JJ, Doshi V (2011) Recent advances in biomass pretreatment—torrefaction fundamentals and technology. Renew Sust Energ Rev 15:4212–4222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.09.017

    Google Scholar 

  97. Marsh, H, Reinoso, FR, (2006) Activated carbon, Elsevier

  98. Rufford TE, Hulicova-Jurcakova D, Zhu Z, Lu GQ (2008) Nanoporous carbon electrode from waste coffee beans for high performance supercapacitors. Electrochem Commun 10:1594–1597

    Google Scholar 

  99. Taer, E, Taslim, R, Aini, Z, Hartati, S, Mustika, W (2017) Activated carbon electrode from banana-peel waste for supercapacitor applications. AIP Conference Proceedings AIP Publishing, 1801. 040004

  100. Wang P, Wang Q, Zhang G, Jiao H, Deng X, Liu L (2016) Promising activated carbons derived from cabbage leaves and their application in high-performance supercapacitors electrodes. J Solid State Electrochem 20:319–325

    Google Scholar 

  101. Zhao S, Yan T, Wang Z, Zhang J, Shi L, Zhang D (2017) Removal of NaCl from saltwater solutions using micro/mesoporous carbon sheets derived from watermelon peel via deionization capacitors. RSC Adv 7:4297–4305

    Google Scholar 

  102. Lado JJ, Zornitta RL, Calvi FA, Tejedor-Tejedor MI, Anderson MA, Ruotolo LAM (2016) Study of sugar cane bagasse fly ash as electrode material for capacitive deionization. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 120:389–398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2016.06.009

    Google Scholar 

  103. Li G-X, Hou P-X, Zhao S-Y, Liu C, Cheng H-M (2016) A flexible cotton-derived carbon sponge for high-performance capacitive deionization. Carbon 101:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2015.12.095

    Google Scholar 

  104. Yeh C-L, Hsi H-C, Li K-C, Hou C-H (2015) Improved performance in capacitive deionization of activated carbon electrodes with a tunable mesopore and micropore ratio. Desalination 367:60–68

    Google Scholar 

  105. Guo P-Z, Ji Q-Q, Zhang L-L, Zhao S-Y, Zhao X-S (2011) Preparation and characterization of peanut shell-based microporous carbons as electrode materials for supercapacitors. Acta Phys -Chim Sin 27:2836–2840

    Google Scholar 

  106. Quan G, Chu L, Han X, Ding C, Chen T, Yan J (2016) Facile synthesis of novel hierarchically porous carbon derived from nature biomass for enhanced removal of NaCl. Water Sci Technol 74:1821–1831

    Google Scholar 

  107. Enock TK, King’ondu CK, Pogrebnoi A, Jande YAC (2017) Biogas-slurry derived mesoporous carbon for supercapacitor applications. Mater Today Energy 5:126–137

    Google Scholar 

  108. Enock TK, King’ondu CK, Pogrbnoi A, Jande YAC (2017) Status of biomass derived carbon materials for supercapacitor application. Int J Electrochem 2017:1–14

    Google Scholar 

  109. Zhang D, Yan T, Shi L, Peng Z, Wen X, Zhang J (2012) Enhanced capacitive deionization performance of graphene/carbon nanotube composites. J Mater Chem 22:14696. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2jm31393f

    Google Scholar 

  110. Elisadiki J, Jande YAC, Machunda RL, Kibona TE (2019) Porous carbon derived from Artocarpus heterophyllus peels for capacitive deionization electrodes. Carbon 147:582–593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2019.03.036

    Google Scholar 

  111. Feng C, Chen YA, Yu CP, Hou CH (2018) Highly porous activated carbon with multi-channeled structure derived from loofa sponge as a capacitive electrode material for the deionization of brackish water. Chemosphere 208:285–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.05.174

    Google Scholar 

  112. Liu M, Xu M, Xue Y, Ni W, Huo S, Wu L, Yang Z, Yan Y (2018) Efficient capacitive deionization using natural basswood derived, free standing, hierarchically porous carbon electrodes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 10:31260–31270. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b08232

    Google Scholar 

  113. Qian M, Xuan XY, Pan LK, Gong SQ (2019) Porous carbon electrodes from activated wasted coffee grounds for capacitive deionization. Ionics 25:3443–3452. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-019-02887-9

    Google Scholar 

  114. Manocha S, Manocha LM, Joshi P, Patel B, Dangi G, Verma N (2013) Activated carbon from biomass. AIP conference 1538. 120–123

  115. Bansal RC, Goyal M (2005) Activated carbon adsorption. CRC, Boca Raton

    Google Scholar 

  116. Hui TS, Zaini MAA (2015) Potassium hydroxide activation of activated carbon: a commentary. Carbon Lett 16:275–280

    Google Scholar 

  117. Dehkhoda, AM (2016) Development and characterization of activated biochar as electrode material for capacitive deionization. PhD thesis, The University of British Columbia

  118. Wang T, Zhai Y, Zhu Y, Li C, Zeng G (2018) A review of the hydrothermal carbonization of biomass waste for hydrochar formation: process conditions, fundamentals, and physicochemical properties. Renew Sust Energ Rev 90:223–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.03.071

    Google Scholar 

  119. Jain A, Balasubramanian R, Srinivasan MP (2016) Hydrothermal conversion of biomass waste to activated carbon with high porosity: a review. Chem Eng J 283:789–805. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2015.08.014

    Google Scholar 

  120. Xie Z, Shang X, Yan J, Hussain T, Nie P, Liu J (2018) Biomass-derived porous carbon anode for high-performance capacitive deionization. Electrochim Acta 290:666–675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2018.09.104

    Google Scholar 

  121. Titirici M-M, Funke A, Kruse A, (2015) Hydrothermal carbonization of biomass. In: Recent advances in thermochemical conversion of biomass, 325–352

  122. Li J, Wang X, Wang H, Wang S, Hayat T, Alsaedi A, Wang X (2017) Functionalization of biomass carbonaceous aerogels and their application as electrode materials for electro-enhanced recovery of metal ions. Environ Sci: Nano 4:1114–1123. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7en00019g

    Google Scholar 

  123. Yan J, Zhang H, Xie Z, Liu J (2017) Preparation of the Lentinus edodes-based porous biomass carbon by hydrothermal method for capacitive desalination. AIP Conf Proc 1864:020218

    Google Scholar 

  124. Zhang XF, Wang B, Yu J, Wu XN, Zang YH, Gao HC, Su PC, Hao SQ (2018) Three-dimensional honeycomb-like porous carbon derived from corncob for the removal of heavy metals from water by capacitive deionization. RSC Adv 8:1159–1167. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7ra10689k

    Google Scholar 

  125. Zhang S, Tian K, Cheng B-H, Jiang H (2017) Preparation of N-doped supercapacitor materials by integrated salt templating and silicon hard templating by pyrolysis of biomass wastes. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 5:6682–6691. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b00920

    Google Scholar 

  126. Fechler N, Fellinger TP, Antonietti M (2013) “Salt templating”: a simple and sustainable pathway toward highly porous functional carbons from ionic liquids. Adv Mater 25:75–79. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201203422

    Google Scholar 

  127. Deng X, Zhao B, Zhu L, Shao Z (2015) Molten salt synthesis of nitrogen-doped carbon with hierarchical pore structures for use as high-performance electrodes in supercapacitors. Carbon 93:48–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2015.05.031

    Google Scholar 

  128. Liu Y, Chen T, Lu T, Sun Z, Chua DHC, Pan L (2015) Nitrogen-doped porous carbon spheres for highly efficient capacitive deionization. Electrochim Acta 158:403–409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2015.01.179

    Google Scholar 

  129. Liu Y, Xu X, Wang M, Lu T, Sun Z, Pan L (2015) Nitrogen-doped carbon nanorods with excellent capacitive deionization ability. J Mater Chem 3:17304–17311. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5ta03663a

    Google Scholar 

  130. Porada S, Schipper F, Aslan M, Antonietti M, Presser V, Fellinger TP (2015) Capacitive deionization using biomass-based microporous salt-templated heteroatom-doped carbons. ChemSusChem 8:1867–1874

    Google Scholar 

  131. Zhao C, Liu G, Sun N, Zhang X, Wang G, Zhang Y, Zhang H, Zhao H (2018) Biomass-derived N-doped porous carbon as electrode materials for Zn-air battery powered capacitive deionization. Chem Eng J 334:1270–1280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2017.11.069

    Google Scholar 

  132. Chang L, Hang Hu Y (2019) 3D channel-structured graphene as efficient electrodes for capacitive deionization. J Colloid Interface Sci 538:420–425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2018.11.105

    Google Scholar 

  133. Zhang J, Fang J, Han J, Yan T, Shi L, Zhang D (2018) N, P, S co-doped hollow carbon polyhedra derived from MOF-based core–shell nanocomposites for capacitive deionization. J Mater Chem 6:15245–15252. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ta04813d

    Google Scholar 

  134. Yan T, Liu J, Lei H, Shi L, An Z, Park HS, Zhang D (2018) Capacitive deionization of saline water using sandwich-like nitrogen-doped graphene composites via a self-assembling strategy. Environ Sci: Nano 5:2722–2730. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8en00629f

    Google Scholar 

  135. Khan ZU, Yan T, Shi L, Zhang D (2018) Improved capacitive deionization by using 3D intercalated graphene sheet–sphere nanocomposite architectures. Environ Sci: Nano 5:980–991. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7en01246b

    Google Scholar 

  136. Han J, Shi L, Yan T, Zhang J, Zhang D (2018) Removal of ions from saline water using N, P co-doped 3D hierarchical carbon architectures via capacitive deionization. Environ Sci: Nano 5:2337–2345. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8en00652k

    Google Scholar 

  137. Wang Z, Yan T, Shi L, Zhang D (2017) In situ expanding pores of dodecahedron-like carbon frameworks derived from MOFs for enhanced capacitive deionization. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 9:15068–15078. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b02712

    Google Scholar 

  138. Wang Z, Yan T, Chen G, Shi L, Zhang D (2017) High salt removal capacity of metal–organic gel derived porous carbon for capacitive deionization. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 5:11637–11644. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b03015

    Google Scholar 

  139. Wang H, Yan T, Shi L, Chen G, Zhang J, Zhang D (2017) Creating nitrogen-doped hollow multiyolk@shell carbon as high performance electrodes for flow-through deionization capacitors. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 5:3329–3338. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.6b03183

    Google Scholar 

  140. Duan H, Yan T, Chen G, Zhang J, Shi L, Zhang D (2017) A facile strategy for the fast construction of porous graphene frameworks and their enhanced electrosorption performance. Chem Commun (Camb) 53:7465–7468. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7cc03424e

    Google Scholar 

  141. Yin H, Zhao S, Wan J, Tang H, Chang L, He L, Zhao H, Gao Y, Tang Z (2013) Three-dimensional graphene/metal oxide nanoparticle hybrids for high-performance capacitive deionization of saline water. Adv Mater 25:6270–6276. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201302223

    Google Scholar 

  142. Shi W, Li H, Cao X, Leong ZY, Zhang J, Chen T, Zhang H, Yang HY (2016) Ultrahigh performance of novel capacitive deionization electrodes based on a three-dimensional graphene architecture with nanopores. Sci Rep 6:18966. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep18966

    Google Scholar 

  143. Shi W, Ye C, Xu X, Liu X, Ding M, Liu W, Cao X, Shen J, Yang HY, Gao C (2018) High-performance membrane capacitive deionization based on metal–organic framework-derived hierarchical carbon structures. ACS Omega 3:8506–8513. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.8b01356

    Google Scholar 

  144. Xu D, Tong Y, Yan T, Shi L, Zhang D (2017) N,P-codoped meso-/microporous carbon derived from biomass materials via a dual-activation strategy as high-performance electrodes for deionization capacitors. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 5:5810–5819. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b00551

    Google Scholar 

  145. Wang G, Qian B, Dong Q, Yang J, Zhao Z, Qiu J (2013) Highly mesoporous activated carbon electrode for capacitive deionization. Sep Purif Technol 103:216–221

    Google Scholar 

  146. Endarko, Fadilah N, Anggoro D, Rupiasih NN, Suharta WG, Suyanto H (2016) Carbon electrode for desalination purpose in capacitive deionization. AIP Conf Proc AIP Publ 1719:030026

    Google Scholar 

  147. Dehkhoda AM, Ellis N, Gyenge E (2016) Effect of activated biochar porous structure on the capacitive deionization of NaCl and ZnCl2 solutions. Microporous Mesoporous Mater 224:217–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2015.11.041

    Google Scholar 

  148. Sriramulu D, Vafakhah S, Yang HY (2019) Activated Luffa derived biowaste carbon for enhanced desalination performance in brackish water. RSC Adv 9:14884–14892. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ra01872g

    Google Scholar 

  149. Quan G, Wang H, Zhou F, Yan J (2018) Porous biomass carbon coated with SiO2 as high performance electrodes for capacitive deionization. BioResources 13:437–449

    Google Scholar 

  150. Gaikwad MS, Balomajumder C (2017) Tea waste biomass activated carbon electrode for simultaneous removal of Cr(VI) and fluoride by capacitive deionization. Chemosphere 184:1141–1149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.06.074

    Google Scholar 

  151. Alfredy, T, Jande, YAC, Pogrebnaya, T (2019) Removal of lead ions from water by capacitive deionization electrode materials derived from chicken feathers. J Water Reuse Desal https://doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2019.074

  152. Gaikwad MS, Balomajumder C (2018) Removal of Cr(VI) and fluoride by membrane capacitive deionization with nanoporous and microporous Limonia acidissima (wood apple) shell activated carbon electrode. Sep Purif Technol 195:305–313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2017.12.006

    Google Scholar 

  153. Chen PA, Cheng HC, Wang HP (2018) Activated carbon recycled from bitter-tea and palm shell wastes for capacitive desalination of salt water. J Clean Prod 174:927–932. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.11.034

    Google Scholar 

  154. El-Deen AG, Choi J-H, Khalil KA, Almajid AA, Barakat NA (2014) A TiO2 nanofiber/activated carbon composite as a novel effective electrode material for capacitive deionization of brackish water. RSC Adv 4:64634–64642

    Google Scholar 

  155. Porada S, Borchardt L, Oschatz M, Bryjak M, Atchison J, Keesman K, Kaskel S, Biesheuvel P, Presser V (2013) Direct prediction of the desalination performance of porous carbon electrodes for capacitive deionization. Energy Environ Sci 6:3700–3712

    Google Scholar 

  156. Li H, Liang S, Li J, He L (2013) The capacitive deionization behaviour of a carbon nanotube and reduced graphene oxide composite. J Mater Chem 1:6335. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ta10681k

    Google Scholar 

  157. Sun Z, Chai L, Liu M, Shu Y, Li Q, Wang Y, Qiu D (2018) Effect of the electronegativity on the electrosorption selectivity of anions during capacitive deionization. Chemosphere 195:282–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.12.031

    Google Scholar 

  158. Wang G, Dong Q, Ling Z, Pan C, Yu C, Qiu J (2012) Hierarchical activated carbon nanofiber webs with tuned structure fabricated by electrospinning for capacitive deionization. J Mater Chem 22:21819–21823

    Google Scholar 

  159. Zdravkov B, Čermák J, Šefara M, Janků J (2007) Pore classification in the characterization of porous materials: a perspective. Cent Eur J Chem 5:385–395. https://doi.org/10.2478/s11532-007-0017-9

    Google Scholar 

  160. Zornitta RL, Lado JJ, Anderson MA, Ruotolo LAM (2016) Effect of electrode properties and operational parameters on capacitive deionization using low-cost commercial carbons. Sep Purif Technol 158:39–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2015.11.043

    Google Scholar 

  161. Tsouris C, Mayes R, Kiggans J, Sharma K, Yiacoumi S, DePaoli D, Dai S (2011) Mesoporous carbon for capacitive deionization of saline water. Environ Sci Technol 45:10243–10249. https://doi.org/10.1021/es201551e

    Google Scholar 

  162. Yang K-L, Ying T-Y, Yiacoumi S, Tsouris C, Vittoratos ES (2001) Electrosorption of ions from aqueous solutions by carbon aerogel: an electrical double-layer model. Langmuir 17:1961–1969

    Google Scholar 

  163. Ying TY, Yang KL, Yiacoumi S, Tsouris C (2002) Electrosorption of ions from aqueous solutions by nanostructured carbon aerogel. J Colloid Interface Sci 250:18–27. https://doi.org/10.1006/jcis.2002.8314

    Google Scholar 

  164. Park B-H, Choi J-H (2010) Improvement in the capacitance of a carbon electrode prepared using water-soluble polymer binder for a capacitive deionization application. Electrochim Acta 55:2888–2893. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2009.12.084

    Google Scholar 

  165. Lee J-B, Park K-K, Yoon S-W, Park K-I, Leeb C-W (2009) Desalination performance of a carbon-based composite electrode. Desalination 237:155–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2007.1

    Google Scholar 

  166. Alencherry T, Naveen AR, Somnath Ghosh J, Daniel RV (2017) Effect of increasing electrical conductivity and hydrophilicity on the electrosorption capacity of activated carbon electrodes for capacitive deionization. Desalination 415:14–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2017.04.001

    Google Scholar 

  167. Seo SJ, Jeon H, Lee JK, Kim GY, Park D, Nojima H, Lee J, Moon SH (2010) Investigation on removal of hardness ions by capacitive deionization (CDI) for water softening applications. Water Res 44:2267–2275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2009.10.020

    Google Scholar 

  168. Jin HK (2015) Fabrication and characterization of nano carbonbased electrochemical double-layer capacitors. Doctor of philosophy in mechanical engineering (nanotechnology) thesis, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada

  169. Liu N-L, Sun S-H, Hou C-H (2019) Studying the electrosorption performance of activated carbon electrodes in batch-mode and single-pass capacitive deionization. Sep Purif Technol 215:403–409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2019.01.029

    Google Scholar 

  170. Frackowiak E, Beguin F (2001) Carbon materials for the electrochemical storage of energy in capacitors. Carbon 39:937–950

    Google Scholar 

  171. Mei B-A, Munteshari O, Lau J, Dunn B, Pilon L (2017) Physical interpretations of Nyquist plots for EDLC electrodes and devices. Phys Chem C 122:194–206. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b10582

    Google Scholar 

  172. Prabaharan SRS, Vimala R, Zainal Z (2006) Nanostructured mesoporous carbon as electrodes for supercapacitors. J Power Sources 161:730–736. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.03.074

    Google Scholar 

  173. Zhang D, Wen X, Shi L, Yan T, Zhang J (2012) Enhanced capacitive deionization of graphene/mesoporous carbon composites. Nanoscale 4:5440–5446. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2nr31154b

    Google Scholar 

  174. Saleem MW, Kim W-S (2018) Parameter-based performance evaluation and optimization of a capacitive deionization desalination process. Desalination 437:133–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2018.02.023

    Google Scholar 

  175. Mossad M, Zou L (2012) A study of the capacitive deionisation performance under various operational conditions. J Hazard Mater 213-214:491–497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.02.036

    Google Scholar 

  176. Wang C, Song H, Zhang Q, Wang B, Li A (2015) Parameter optimization based on capacitive deionization for highly efficient desalination of domestic wastewater biotreated effluent and the fouled electrode regeneration. Desalination 365:407–415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2015.03.025

    Google Scholar 

  177. Mossad M, Zhang W, Zou L (2013) Using capacitive deionisation for inland brackish groundwater desalination in a remote location. Desalination 308:154–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2012.05.021

    Google Scholar 

  178. Jande YAC, Kim WS (2014) Modeling the capacitive deionization batch mode operation for desalination. J Ind Eng Chem 20:3356–3360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2013.12.020

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Materials and Energy Sciences and Engineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania

    Joyce Elisadiki & Yusufu A. C. Jande

  2. Department of Physics, University of Dodoma, P.O. Box 338, Dodoma, Tanzania

    Joyce Elisadiki

  3. Department of Physics, Mkwawa University College of Education, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 2513, Iringa, Tanzania

    Talam E. Kibona

  4. Department of Water and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania

    Revocatus L. Machunda

  5. Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology (UET), Lahore, Pakistan

    Muhammad Wajid Saleem

  6. Department of Mechanical Design Engineering, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan, Kyeonggi-do, 426-791, South Korea

    Woo-Seung Kim

  7. Water Infrastructure and Sustainable Energy Futures (WISE-Futures) African Centre of Excellence, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Nelson Mandela Road, Tengeru, P.O. Box 9124, Arusha, Tanzania

    Yusufu A. C. Jande

Authors
  1. Joyce Elisadiki
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Talam E. Kibona
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Revocatus L. Machunda
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Muhammad Wajid Saleem
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Woo-Seung Kim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Yusufu A. C. Jande
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yusufu A. C. Jande.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Elisadiki, J., Kibona, T.E., Machunda, R.L. et al. Biomass-based carbon electrode materials for capacitive deionization: a review. Biomass Conv. Bioref. 10, 1327–1356 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-019-00463-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-019-00463-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation