Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

In situ biosynthesis of palladium nanoparticles on banana leaves extract-coated graphitic carbon nitride: An efficient and reusable heterogeneous catalyst for organic transformations and antimicrobial agent

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In the present work, palladium nanoparticles embedded on banana leaves extract-modified graphitic carbon nitride [PdNPs@g-C3N4-BLE] was biogenically synthesized in a facile 3-step reaction in a clean and sustainable manner. In situ reduction of Pd(II) to Pd(0) was accomplished by the action of active phytochemicals present in the banana leaves extract as capping, reducing, and stabilizing agents. Therefore, the aforementioned synthesis of catalyst does not need toxic reagents, harsh conditions, and additional reductants. The structure and composition of the PdNPs@g-C3N4-BLE nanocatalyst were examined in detail through several spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. The PdNPs@g-C3N4-BLE nanocatalyst exhibited good catalytic activity in Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling and aryl halide cyanation reactions by giving high turnover numbers (TONs) and turnover frequencies (TOFs). The outstanding advantages of using the PdNPs@g-C3N4-BLE nanocatalyst are mild reaction conditions, short reaction time, heterogeneous nature, excellent yields, easy work-up procedure, and recyclability without any significant loss of catalytic activity. Additionally, the PdNPs@g-C3N4-BLE nanocatalyst showed remarkable antibacterial activity against gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and gram-positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Scheme 1
Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Scheme 2
Scheme 3
Fig. 9
Scheme 4
Scheme 5
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12

Similar content being viewed by others

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

References

  1. Nasrollahzadeh M, Sajadi SM, Sajjadi M, Issaabadi (2019) An introduction to nanotechnology. Interface Sci Technol 28:1–27

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Burda C, Chen X, Narayanan R, El-sayed MA (2005) Chemistry and properties of nanocrystals of different shapes. Chem Rev 105:1025–1102

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Salem SS, Fouda A (2020) Green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles and their prospective biotechnological applications: an overview. Biol Trace Elem Res 199:344–370

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Chen Z, Vorobyeva E, Mitchell S, Fako E, Ortuño MA, López N, Collins SM, Midgley PA, Richard S, Vilé G, Pérez-Ramírez J (2018) A heterogeneous single-atom palladium catalyst surpassing homogeneous systems for Suzuki coupling. Nat Nanotechnol 13:702–707

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Devi M, Barbhuiya MH, Das B, Bhuyan B, Dhar SS (2020) Modified mesoporous graphitic carbon nitride: a novel high-performance heterogeneous base catalyst for transesterification reaction. Sustain Energy Fuels 4:3537–3545

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Kalay E (2022) Investigation of the activity of palladium nanoparticles supported on mesoporous graphitic carbon nitride in Heck and Suzuki cross-coupling reactions. Synth Commun 52:1290–1305

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Yang P, Ma R, Bian F (2016) Palladium supported on metformin-functionalized magnetic polymer nanocomposites: a highly efficient and reusable catalyst for the Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction. ChemCatChem 8:3746–3754

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Aksoy M, Kilic H, Nişancı B, Metin Ö (2021) Recent advances in the development of palladium nanocatalysts for sustainable organic transformations. Inorg Chem Front 8:499–545

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Mallikarjuna K, Reddy LV, Al-Rasheed S, Mohammed A, Gedi S, Kim WK (2021) Green synthesis of reduced graphene oxide-supported palladium nanoparticles by Coleus amboinicus and its enhanced catalytic efficiency and antibacterial activity. Curr Comput-Aided Drug Des 11(2):134

    Google Scholar 

  10. Kumar R, Sharma P, Bamal A, Negi S, Chaudhary S (2017) A safe, efficient and environment friendly biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Leucaena leucocephala seed extract and its antioxidant, antimicrobial, antifungal activities and potential in sensing. Green Process Synth 6(5):449–459

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Adil SF, Assal ME, Khan M, Al-Warthana A, Siddiqui MRH, Liz-Marzan LM (2015) Biogenic synthesis of metallic nanoparticles and prospects toward green chemistry. Dalton Trans 44(21):9709–9717

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Bognár S, Putnik P, Merkulov DŠ (2022) Sustainable green nanotechnologies for innovative purifications of water: synthesis of the nanoparticles from renewable sources. Nanomaterials 12:263

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Onyema C, Ogbuagu AS (2016) Phytochemical and antimicrobial analysis of banana pseudo stem (Musa acuminata). Br J Pharm Res 10(1):1–9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Dwivedi KD, Borah B, Chowhan LR (2020) Ligand free one-pot synthesis of pyrano [2, 3-c] pyrazoles in water extract of banana peel (WEB): a green chemistry approach. Front Chem 7:944

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Kibria AA, Kamrunnessa RM, Kar A (2019) Extraction and evaluation of phytochemicals from banana peels (Musa sapientum) and banana plants (Musa paradisiaca). MJHR 2:22–26

    Google Scholar 

  16. Chng LL, Erathodiyil N, Ying JY (2013) Nanostructured catalysts for organic transformations. Acc Chem Res 46(8):1825–1837

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Ghafuri H, Gorab MG, Dogari H (2022) Tandem oxidative amidation of benzylic alcohols by copper(II) supported on metformin-graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets as an efficient catalyst. Sci Rep 12:4221

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Mao C, Yin K, Yang C, Dong G, Tian G, Zhang Y, Zhou Y (2022) Fe-based MOFs@Pd@COFs with spatial confinement effect and electron transfer synergy of highly dispersed Pd nanoparticles for Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction. J Colloid Interface Sci 608:809–819

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Kang HJ, Lee TG, Bari GAKMR, Seo HW, Park JW, Hwang HJ, An BH, Suzuki N, Fujishima A, Kim JH, Shon HK, Jun YS (2021) Sulfuric acid treated g-CN as a precursor to generate high-efficient g-CN for hydrogen evolution from water under visible light irradiation. Catalysts 11(1):37

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Shcherban ND, Mäki-Arvela P, Aho A, Sergiienko SA, Yaremov PS, Eränenb K, Murzin DY (2018) Melamine-derived graphitic carbon nitride as a new effective metal-free catalyst for Knoevenagel condensation of benzaldehyde with ethylcyanoacetate. Catal Sci Technol 8:2928–2937

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Bayrak C, Menzek A, Sevim M (2020) Monodisperse NiPd alloy nanoparticles decorated on mesoporous graphitic carbon nitride as catalyst for the highly efficient chemoselective reduction of α, β-unsaturated ketone compounds. New J Chem 44:13606–13612

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Eswaran M, Dhanusuraman R, Tsai P, Ponnusamy VK (2019) One-step preparation of graphitic carbon nitride/polyaniline/palladium nanoparticles based nanohybrid composite modified electrode for efficient methanol electro-oxidation. Fuel 251:91–97

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Nasri A, Jaleh B, Nezafat Z, Nasrollahzadeh M, Azizian S, Jang HW, Shokouhimehr M (2021) Fabrication of g-C3N4/Au nanocomposite using laser ablation and its application as an effective catalyst in the reduction of organic pollutants in water. Ceram Int 47(3):3565–3572

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Lima CFRAC, Rodrigues ASMC, Silva VLM, Silva AMS, Santos LMNBF (2014) Role of the base and control of selectivity in the Suzuki – Miyaura cross-coupling reaction. ChemCatChem 61291–302

  25. Lennox AJJ, Lloyd-jones GC (2014) Selection of boron reagents for Suzuki – Miyaura coupling. Chem Soc Rev 43:412–443

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Mohazzab BF, Jaleh B, Issaabadi Z, Nasrollahzadeh M, Varma RS (2019) Stainless steel mesh-GO/Pd NPs: catalytic applications of Suzuki-Miyaura and Stille coupling reactions in eco-friendly media. Green Chem 21:3319–3327

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Miyaura N, Yanagi T, Suzuki A (1981) The palladium-catalyzed cross coupling reaction of phenylboronic acid with haloarenes in the presence of bases. Synth Commun 11(7):513–519

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Li G, Lei P, Szostak M, Casals-cruañas E, Poater A, Cavallo L, Nolan SP (2018) Mechanistic study of Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions of amides mediated by [Pd(NHC)( allyl)Cl] precatalysts. ChemCatChem 10(14):3096–3106

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Baran T, Mentes A (2016) Microwave assisted synthesis of biaryls by C-C coupling reactions with a new chitosan supported Pd(II) catalyst. J Mol Struct 1122:111–116

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Baran T (2019) Highly recoverable, reusable, cost-effective, and Schiff base finctionalized pectin supported Pd(II) catalyst for microwave-accelerated Suzuki cross-coupling reactions. Int J Biol Macromol 127:232–239

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Baran T, Nasrollahzadeh M (2020) Cyanation of aryl halides and Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction using palladium nanoparticles anchored on developed biodegradable microbeads. Int J Biol Macromol 148:565–573

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Melike Ç, Baran T, Nasrollahzadeh M (2021) Facile preparation of nanostructured Pd-Sch-δ-FeOOH particles: a highly effective and easily retrievable catalyst for aryl halide cyanation and p-nitrophenol reduction. J Phys Chem Solids 152:109968

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Baran T, Sargın İ, Kaya M, Mulerčikas P, Kazlauskaitė S, Menteş A (2018) Production of magnetically recoverable, thermally stable, bio-based catalyst: remarkable turnover frequency and reusability in Suzuki coupling reaction. Chem Eng J 331:102–113

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Veisi H, Tamoradi T, Karmakar B, Mohammadi P, Hemmati S (2019) In situ biogenic synthesis of Pd nanoparticles over reduced graphene oxide by using a plant extract (Thymbra spicata) and its catalytic evaluation towards cyanation of aryl halides. Mater Sci Eng C 104:109919

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Yu H, Richey RN, Miller WD, Xu J, May SA (2011) Development of Pd/C-catalyzed cyanation of aryl halides. J Org Chem 76(2):665–668

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Ushkov AV, Grushin VV (2011) Rational catalysis design on the basis of mechanistic understanding: highly efficient Pd-catalyzed cyanation of aryl bromides with NaCN in recyclable solvents. J Am Chem Soc 133(28):10999–11005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Anbarasan P, Schareina T, Beller M (2011) Recent developments and perspectives in palladium-catalyzed cyanation of aryl halides: synthesis of benzonitriles. Chem Soc Rev 40:5049–5067

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Chang S, Kim J, Kim HJ, Chang S (2012) Synthesis of aromatic nitriles using nonmetallic cyano-group sources. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 51(48):11948–11959

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Sawant DN, Wagh YS, Tambade PJ, Bhatte KD, Bhanage BM (2011) Cyanides-free cyanation of aryl halides using formamide. Adv Synth Catal 353(5):781–787

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Kandathil V, Dateer RB, Sasidhar BS, Patil SA, Patil SA (2018) Green synthesis of palladium nanoparticles: applications in aryl halide cyanation and Hiyama cross-coupling reaction under ligand free conditions. Catal Lett 148:1562–1578 (and references cited therein)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Veisi H (2019) Efficient cyanation of aryl halides with K4[Fe(CN)6] catalyzed by encapsulated palladium nanoparticles in biguanidine–chitosan matrix as core–shell recyclable heterogeneous nanocatalyst. Polyhedron 159:212–216

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Lemire JA, Harrison JJ, Turner RJ (2013) Antimicrobial activity of metals: mechanisms, molecular targets and applications. Nat Rev Microbiol 11:371–384

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Bhatt P, Pandey SC, Joshi S, Chaudhary P, Pathak VM, Huang Y, Wu X, Zhou Z, Chen S (2022) Nanobioremediation: a sustainable approach for the removal of toxic pollutants from the environment. J Hazard Mater 427:128033

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Sajjadi M, Nasrollahzadeh M, Tahsili MR (2019) Catalytic and antimicrobial activities of magnetic nanoparticles supported N -heterocyclic palladium (II) complex : a magnetically recyclable catalyst for the treatment of environmental contaminants in aqueous media. Sep Purif Technol 227:115716–115719

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Vijilvani C, Bindhu MR, Frincy FC, AlSalhi MS, Sabitha S, Saravanakumar K, Devanesan S, Umadevi M, Aljaafreh MJ, Aljaafreh MJ, Atif M (2019) Antimicrobial and catalytic activities of biosynthesized gold, silver and palladium nanoparticles from Solanum nigurum leaves. J Photochem Photobiol B: Biol 202:111713

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Wang L, Hu C, Shao L (2017) The antimicrobial activity of nanoparticles : present situation and prospects for the future. Int J Nanomed 12:1227–1249

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Kempasiddaiah M, Kandathil V, Dateer RB, Sasidhar BS, Patil SA, Patil SA (2020) Immobilizing biogenically synthesized palladium nanoparticles on cellulose support as a green and sustainable dip catalyst for cross-coupling reaction. Cellulose 27:23335–23357

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Antony AM, Kandathil V, Kempasiddaiah M, Sasidhar BS, Patil SA, Patil SA (2020) Hexagonal boron nitride supported N-heterocyclic carbene-palladium(II): a new, efficient and recyclable heterogeneous catalyst for Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction. Catal Lett 151:1293–1308

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Vishal K, Fahlman BD, Sasidhar BS, Patil SA, Patil SA (2017) Magnetic nanoparticle-supported N-heterocyclic carbene-palladium(II): a convenient, efficient and recyclable catalyst for Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions. Catal Lett 147(4):900–918

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Kempasiddaiah M, Sree Raj KA, Kandathil V, Dateer RB, Sasidhar BS, Yelamaggad CV, Rout CS, Patil SA (2021) Waste biomass-derived carbon-supported palladium-based catalyst for cross-coupling reactions and energy storage applications. Appl Surf Sci 570:151156

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Wang Y, Zhao S, Zhang Y, Fang J, Chen W, Yuan S, Zhou Y (2018) Facile synthesis of self-assembled g-C3N4 with abundant nitrogen defects for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 6:10200–10210

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Xu J, Chen Y, Hong Y, Zheng H, Ma D, Xue B, Li Y (2018) Direct catalytic hydroxylation of benzene to phenol catalyzed by vanadia supported on exfoliated graphitic carbon nitride. Appl Catal A: Gen 549:31–39

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Ma J, Liang C, Li H, Xu H, Hua Y, Wang C (2021) A novel composite material based on hydroxylated g-C3N4 and oxygen-vacant TiO2 for improvement of photocatalytic performance. Appl Surf Sci 546:149085

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Ushie OA, Onen AI, Ugbogu OC, Olumide VB (2016) Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activities of leaf extracts of Swietenia macrophylla. Chemsearch J 7(2):64–69

    Google Scholar 

  55. Sheikh MV, Devadiga N, Hate M (2016) Biosynthesis and kinetic studies of silver nanoparticles from semecarpus anacardium linn.f and their application. World J Pharm Pharm Sci 4:1732–1739

    Google Scholar 

  56. Li X, Zhang J, Shen L, Ma Y, Lei W, Cui Q, Zou G (2009) Preparation and characterization of graphitic carbon nitride through pyrolysis of melamine. Appl Phys A: Mater Sci Process 94:387–392

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Xu J, Gan YL, Pei JJ, Xue B (2020) Metal-free catalytic conversion of CO2 into cyclic carbonate by hydroxyl-functionalized graphitic carbon nitride materials. Mol Catal 491:110979

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Sherwood J, Clark JH, Fairlamb IJS, Slattery JM (2019) Solvent effects in palladium catalysed cross-coupling reactions. Green Chem 21:2164–2213

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Edwards GA, Trafford MA, Hamilton AE, Buxton AM, Bardeaux MC, Chalker JM (2014) Melamine and melamine-formaldehyde polymers as ligands for palladium and application to Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions in sustainable solvents. J Org Chem 79(5):2094–2104

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Çalıskan M, Baran T (2022) Immobilized palladium nanoparticles on Schiff base functionalized ZnAl layered double hydroxide: a highly stable and retrievable heterogeneous nanocatalyst towards aryl halide cyanations. Appl Clay Sci 219:106433

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Woo H, Lee K, Park JC, Park KH (2014) Facile synthesis of Pd/Fe3O4/charcoal bifunctional catalysts with high metal loading for high product yields in Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reactions. New J Chem 38:5626–5632

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Bai SZ, Xu C, Li HM, Wang ZQ, Fu WJ (2012) Synthesis and characterization of triphenylphosphine adducts of ferrocene-based palladacycles and their performance in the Suzuki and Sonogashira reactions with bromo- and chloroarenes. Molecules 17:5532–5543

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Wang Z, Yu Y, Zhang YX, Li SZ, Qian H, Lin ZY (2015) A magnetically separable palladium catalyst containing a bulky N-heterocyclic carbene ligand for the Suzuki-Miyaura reaction. Green Chem 17(1):413–420

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Sobhani S, Ghasemzadeh MS, Honarmand M, Zarifi F (2014) Acetamidine-palladium complex immobilized on γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles: a novel magnetically separable catalyst for Heck and Suzuki coupling reactions. RSC Adv 4:44166–44175

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Yuan D, Chen L, Yuan L, Liao S, Yang M, Zhang Q (2016) Superparamagnetic polymer composite microspheres supported Schiff base palladium complex: an efficient and reusable catalyst for the Suzuki coupling reactions. Chem Eng Sci 287:241–251

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Singh AS, Shelkar RS, Nagarkar JM (2015) Palladium(II) on functionalized NiFe2O4: an efficient and recyclable phosphine-free heterogeneous catalyst for Suzuki coupling reaction. Catal Lett 145:723–730

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Bai C, Zhao Q, Li Y, Zhang G, Zhang F, Fan X (2014) Palladium complex immobilized on graphene oxide as an efficient and recyclable catalyst for Suzuki coupling reaction. Catal Lett 144:1617–1623

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Xiang Z, Chen Y, Liu Q, Lu F (2018) A highly recyclable dip-catalyst produced from palladium nanoparticle-embedded bacterial cellulose and plant fibers. Green Chem 20:1085–1094

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Shang N, Feng C, Zhang H, Gao S, Tang R, Wang C, Wang Z (2013) Suzuki-Miyaura reaction catalyzed by graphene oxide supported palladium nanoparticles. Chem Commun 40:111–115

    Google Scholar 

  70. Mondal B, Acharyya K, Howlader P, Mukherjee PS (2016) Molecular cage impregnated palladium nanoparticles: efficient, additive-free heterogeneous catalysts for cyanation of aryl halides. J Am Chem Soc 138:1709–1716

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Schareina T, Jackstell R, Schulz T, Zapf A, Cotté A, Gotta M, Beller M (2009) Increasing the scope of palladium-catalyzed cyanations of aryl chlorides. Adv Synth Catal 351:643–648

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Sundermeier M, Zapf A, Beller M, Sans J (2001) A new palladium catalyst system for the cyanation of aryl chlorides. Tetrahedron Lett 42:6707–6710

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Jin F, Confalone PN (2000) Palladium-catalyzed cyanation reactions of aryl chlorides. Tetrahedron Lett 41:3271–3273

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Singh R, Smitha MS, Singh SP (2014) The role of nanotechnology in combating multi-drug resistant bacteria. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 14:4745–4756

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Jain Global Campus, Bangalore, Karnataka, India, for providing research facilities and financial support, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India, and Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

Funding

This study was supported by the DST-SERB, India (YSS/2015/000010), DST-Nanomission, India (SR/NM/NS-20/2014), and Jain University, India.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Jain Global Campus, Kanakapura, Ramanagara, Bangalore, 562112, India

    Harini G. Sampatkumar, Arnet Maria Antony, Ramesh B. Dateer & Siddappa A. Patil

  2. Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Sarkhej-Gandhinagar Highway, Ahmedabad, 382481, Gujarat, India

    Mansi Trivedi, Manmohan Sharma & Manjunath Ghate

  3. Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India

    Mahiuddin Baidya

Authors
  1. Harini G. Sampatkumar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Arnet Maria Antony
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Mansi Trivedi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Manmohan Sharma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Manjunath Ghate
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Mahiuddin Baidya
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Ramesh B. Dateer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Siddappa A. Patil
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Harini G. Sampatkumar: conceptualization, investigation, methodology, writing — original draft. Arnet Maria Antony: conceptualization, investigation, writing — original draft. Mansi Trivedi: validation, resources, and visualization. Manmohan Sharma: validation, resources, and visualization. Manjunath Ghate: validation, resources, and visualization. Mahiuddin Baidya: validation, resources, and visualization. Ramesh B. Dateer: validation, resources, and visualization. Siddappa A. Patil: validation, resources, visualization, supervision, project administration, funding acquisition.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Siddappa A. Patil.

Ethics declarations

Ethical approval and consent to participate

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (DOCX 5536 KB)

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Sampatkumar, H.G., Antony, A.M., Trivedi, M. et al. In situ biosynthesis of palladium nanoparticles on banana leaves extract-coated graphitic carbon nitride: An efficient and reusable heterogeneous catalyst for organic transformations and antimicrobial agent. Biomass Conv. Bioref. 14, 10045–10066 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-03222-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-03222-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation