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Green Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles and Their Prospective Biotechnological Applications: an Overview

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Abstract

The green synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) using living cells is a promising and novelty tool in bionanotechnology. Chemical and physical methods are used to synthesize NPs; however, biological methods are preferred due to its eco-friendly, clean, safe, cost-effective, easy, and effective sources for high productivity and purity. High pressure or temperature is not required for the green synthesis of NPs, and the use of toxic and hazardous substances and the addition of external reducing, stabilizing, or capping agents are avoided. Intra- or extracellular biosynthesis of NPs can be achieved by numerous biological entities including bacteria, fungi, yeast, algae, actinomycetes, and plant extracts. Recently, numerous methods are used to increase the productivity of nanoparticles with variable size, shape, and stability. The different mechanical, optical, magnetic, and chemical properties of NPs have been related to their shape, size, surface charge, and surface area. Detection and characterization of biosynthesized NPs are conducted using different techniques such as UV–vis spectroscopy, FT-IR, TEM, SEM, AFM, DLS, XRD, zeta potential analyses, etc. NPs synthesized by the green approach can be incorporated into different biotechnological fields as antimicrobial, antitumor, and antioxidant agents; as a control for phytopathogens; and as bioremediative factors, and they are also used in the food and textile industries, in smart agriculture, and in wastewater treatment. This review will address biological entities that can be used for the green synthesis of NPs and their prospects for biotechnological applications.

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Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Abbreviations

NPs:

nanoparticles

FT-IR:

Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy

TEM:

transmission electron microscopy

SEM:

scanning electron microscopy

AFM:

atomic force microscope

DLS:

dynamic light scattering

XRD:

powder X-ray diffraction

EDX:

energy-dispersive spectroscopy

SPR:

surface plasmon resonance

XPS:

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

Ag-NPs:

silver nanoparticles

Cu-NPs:

copper nanoparticles

CuO-NPs:

copper oxide nanoparticles

Cu2S-NPs:

chalcocite nanoparticles

ZnO-NPs:

zinc oxide nanoparticles

ZnS-NPs:

zinc sulfide nanoparticles

Au-NPs:

gold nanoparticles

Pt-NPs:

platinum nanoparticles

Pd-NPs:

palladium nanoparticles

Si-NPs:

silicon nanoparticles

Ni-NPs:

nickel nanoparticles

FeO-NPs:

iron oxide nanoparticles

MgO-NPs:

magnesium oxide nanoparticles

TiO2-NPs:

titanium dioxide nanoparticles

ZrO2-NPs:

zirconium oxide nanoparticles

TeO3-NPs:

tellurium oxide nanoparticles

SeO3-NPs:

selenite nanoparticles

Cd-NPs:

cadmium nanoparticles

CdS-NPs:

cadmium sulfide

Te-NPs:

tellurium nanoparticles

Co3O4-NPs:

cobalt oxide nanoparticles

Se-NPs:

selenium nanoparticles

PbS-NPs:

lead sulfide nanoparticles

MoS-NPs:

molybdenum sulfide nanoparticles

Al2O3-NPs:

aluminum oxide nanoparticles

CoO-NPs:

cobalt oxide nanoparticles

CdTe-NPs:

cadmium telluride nanoparticles

SiO2-NPs:

silicon dioxide nanoparticles

BaTiO3-NPs:

barium titanium oxide nanoparticles

Mn-NPs:

manganese nanoparticles

MRSA:

methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

LSP:

lipopolysaccharides

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  1. Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt

    Salem S. Salem & Amr Fouda

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Salem, S.S., Fouda, A. Green Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles and Their Prospective Biotechnological Applications: an Overview. Biol Trace Elem Res 199, 344–370 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-020-02138-3

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