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Optimisation of a green ultrasound-assisted extraction process for potato peel (Solanum tuberosum) polyphenols using bio-solvents and response surface methodology

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Abstract

Potato peels, an abundant food industry waste, were used as a source to recover polyphenolic antioxidants, using aqueous mixtures of two bio-solvents, ethanol and glycerol and ultrasonication. The optimisation of the extraction and the evaluation of the extraction efficiency were put on a comparative basis and carried out first by performing a Box-Behnken experimental design and then by implementing kinetics. The optimisation showed that out of the three variables considered, only solvent composition displayed a significant difference, whereas the liquid-to-solid ratio and temperature were virtually the same, irrespective of the solvent system used. It was found that under optimised conditions, the extraction yield in total polyphenols was 8.71 and 9.11 mg caffeic acid equivalents per gram dry weight, for water/glycerol and water/ethanol mixtures, respectively. The kinetic assay revealed that extraction with the solvent composed of water/ethanol was faster compared with water/glycerol, giving corresponding effective diffusion coefficients of 0.46 × 10−11 and 0.33 × 10−11 m2 s−1. However, both solvent systems were equally efficient in extracting polyphenols. Furthermore, some discrepancies were seen regarding the antioxidant activity of the extracts. The extracts obtained with both water/ethanol and water/glycerol, under optimised conditions, were analysed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and they were demonstrated to possess almost identical polyphenolic profile, the predominant compound being chlorogenic acid. This finding suggested that there is no selectivity issue. The outcome of the study illustrated that bio-solvents such as ethanol and glycerol could be employed in green processes, destined to produce extracts enriched in polyphenolic antioxidants, from waste resources.

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Abbreviations

AED:

Acoustic energy density (W L−1)

A AR :

Antiradical activity (μmol DPPH g−1)

C DPPH :

DPPH concentration (μmol L−1)

C solv :

solvent concentration (%, w/v or v/v)

C TP :

Total polyphenol concentration (mg CAE L−1)

D e :

Effective diffusion coefficient (m2 s−1)

k :

Extraction rate constant (g mg−1 min−1)

P R :

Reducing power (μmol AAE g−1)

R L/S :

Liquid-to-solid ratio (mL g−1)

t :

Time (min)

T :

Temperature (°C or K)

Y TP :

Yield in total polyphenols (mg CAE g−1)

Y TP(s) :

Yield in total polyphenols at saturation (mg CAE g−1)

∈:

Dielectric constant (dimensionless)

ε :

Molar absorptivity (M−1 cm−1)

AAE:

Ascorbic acid equivalents

DPPH:

2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical

CAE:

Caffeic acid equivalents

FAE:

Ferulic acid equivalents

GAE:

Gallic acid equivalents

PP:

Potato peels

TPTZ:

2,4,6-Tripyridyl-s-triazine

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Environment, University of the Aegean, Mitr. Ioakim Street, Myrina, 81400, Lemnos, Greece

    Irene Paleologou, Areti Vasiliou & Dimitris P. Makris

  2. Food Quality & Chemistry of Natural Products, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania (M.A.I.Ch.), International Centre for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies (CIHEAM), P.O. Box 85, Chania, 73100, Greece

    Spyros Grigorakis

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  1. Irene Paleologou
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  2. Areti Vasiliou
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Correspondence to Dimitris P. Makris.

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Paleologou, I., Vasiliou, A., Grigorakis, S. et al. Optimisation of a green ultrasound-assisted extraction process for potato peel (Solanum tuberosum) polyphenols using bio-solvents and response surface methodology. Biomass Conv. Bioref. 6, 289–299 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-015-0181-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-015-0181-7

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