Abstract
A series of non-toxic and environmentally benign solvent systems, composed of water/ethanol, acidified with either acetic or citric acid, were tested for their efficiency in extracting polyphenols from dried carob kibbles. The best solvent system (30 % ethanol) was then used in a kinetic study, attempted by deploying non-linear regression. The leaching of polyphenols was found to obey 2nd-order kinetics, while the correlation of the total polyphenol yield at saturation with temperature obeyed a 3-parameter exponential growth model. The highest yield of total polyphenols at saturation was 53.76 mg gallic acid equivalents per gram of dry weight, achieved at 60 °C. The analysis of this extract using liquid chromatography–diode array–mass spectroscopy led to the tentative identification of gallic acid, myricetin 3-O-rhamnoside, quercetin 3-O-rhamnoside and quercetin p-hydroxy benzoyl 3-O-rhamnoside. The detection of the last compound in carob extracts is reported for the first time.
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Abbreviations
- dw:
-
Dry weight
- GAE:
-
Gallic acid equivalents
- TP:
-
Total polyphenols
- TRE:
-
Trolox equivalents
- AAR :
-
Antiradical activity
- k :
-
Extraction rate constant
- T:
-
Temperature (°C)
- t :
-
Time (h)
- YTP :
-
Extraction yield in total polyphenols (mg GAE g−1 dw)
- YTP(s) :
-
Extraction yield in total polyphenols at saturation (mg GAE g−1 dw)
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Cavdarova, M., Makris, D.P. Extraction Kinetics of Phenolics from Carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) Kibbles Using Environmentally Benign Solvents. Waste Biomass Valor 5, 773–779 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-014-9298-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-014-9298-3