Abstract
The Berezin inequality gives an upper bound on the Riesz means of the magnetic Schrödinger operator on a set of finite volume. We find an analogous inequality for the magnetic operator with homogeneous magnetic field on sets whose complement in \(\mathbb{R }^2\) has finite measure. Similar bounds are obtained for the Heisenberg sub-Laplacian.
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
1 Introduction
Let \(\Omega \) be an open subset of \(\mathbb{R }^d\) such that \(\Omega ^\mathsf{c }=\mathbb{R }^d\setminus \Omega \) is of finite measure. In [2] Berezin proved that the Dirichlet Laplacian operator \(-\Delta _{\Omega ^\mathsf c }^{\mathscr{D}}\) on \(\Omega ^\mathsf c \) satisfies the inequality
for all \(\lambda \ge 0,\gamma \ge 1\). Here and below, the measure of a set \(S\subset \mathbb{R }^d\) is denoted by \(|S|\) and \(x_-=\frac{1}{2} (|x|- x)\) is the negative part of a variable, a function or a self-adjoint operator. The so-called Lieb–Thirring constant \(L_{\gamma ,d}^\mathrm{cl }\) can be computed to be
and is sharp, which follows from an asymptotic result by Weyl [17]. For the inequality to hold it is essential that the Laplace operator is considered on the set \(\Omega ^\mathsf{c }\) of finite volume. This guarantees that \(H\) only has discrete spectrum consisting of eigenvalues converging to infinity, showing that the left-hand-side of (1) exists.
In [5] a similar result to the Berezin inequality (1) has been established for the Dirichlet Laplace operator on the set \(\Omega \) of infinite measure. To this end one introduces the orthogonal projection \(P_\Omega :L^2(\mathbb{R }^d)\rightarrow L^2(\Omega )\), i.e. the multiplication with the characteristic function \(\chi _\Omega \). The operator \(P_\Omega (-\Delta )P_\Omega \) corresponds to the Laplacian on the set \(\Omega \) with Dirichlet boundary conditions. Since the continuous spectrum of \(P_\Omega (-\Delta )P_\Omega \) contains the positive real axis, the operator \((P_\Omega (-\Delta )P_\Omega -\lambda )_-\) is not trace-class on \(L^2(\mathbb{R }^d)\). However, it can be compared to a suitable operator to achieve similar results to (1). The authors of [5] considered the difference \((-\Delta -\lambda )_- -(P_\Omega (-\Delta )P_\Omega -\lambda )_-\) and proved that
which can be seen as an analogue of the Berezin inequality for perturbations of the continuous spectrum of the Laplace operator. Bounds on traces for these types of problems are a fairly recent research area and we point to [5] for a generalisation of Lieb–Thirring inequalities to this setting.
In our paper we aim to find an analogous inequality to (2) for the magnetic operator \(H_B=(-\mathrm i \nabla +A(x))^2\). Similar to the case of the Laplacian, problems stem from the fact that \((P_\Omega H_B P_\Omega -\lambda )_-\) is not trace-class. Thus we consider the difference \((H_B-\lambda )^\gamma _- -(P_\Omega H_B P_\Omega -\lambda )^\gamma _-\) and establish lower bounds on the trace of this operator. We also prove a similar inequality for the sub-Laplacian \(L\) on the first Heisenberg group \(\mathbb H ^1\).A key observation for our results is that, for any self-adjoint operator \(H\), a formal computation involving the Berezin–Lieb inequality for convex functions (see [1] and [14]) yields the result
It is the object of this work to give correct mathematical meaning to this observation and to explicitly calculate the right-hand-side for the two special choices of \(H\).
The Berezin inequality (1) on domains of finite measure has inspired a number of authors and is related to the Li–Yau inequality [13]. In their paper the authors showed that the sum over the first \(k\) eigenvalues \(\lambda _1,\dots ,\lambda _k\) of \(-\Delta _{\Omega ^\mathsf{c }}^{\mathscr{D}}\) can be bounded from below as
This was later proven to be a corollary of (1) via the Legendre transformation, see [11]. In [9] comparable inequalities were established for various classes of differential and pseudo-differential operators including \(((-\Delta )^\alpha )_ {\Omega ^\mathsf c }^\mathcal D \) with \(\alpha >0\). A similar inequality to (1) can be found for Schrödinger operators with magnetic fields in the case \(d=2\). The operator \(H_{B,\Omega ^\mathsf{c }}^{\mathscr{D}}:=(-\mathrm i \nabla +A(x))^2\) on \(L^2(\Omega ^\mathsf{c })\) with Dirichlet boundary conditions and arbitrary vector field \(A\) satisfies
for all \(\gamma \ge \frac{3}{2}\), which follows from a result by Laptev and Weidl in [12] (see also [6]). In [4] this was generalised to \(\gamma \ge 1\) under the restriction that the magnetic field \(B=\, \mathrm {d} A\) is constant. In this case the upper bound in (4) can be improved by allowing it to depend on \(B\)
as shown in [6]. In their paper the authors also proved that, under the assumption that \(\Omega ^\mathsf{c }\) is a tiling domain, this inequality also holds if \(0\le \gamma <1\), where it is sharp. For \(\gamma =1\) the right-hand-side of (5) can be adapted to magnetic operators with additional external potentials \(V\), see [7]. The Berezin inequality was furthermore extended to the sub-Laplacian \(L\) on the Heisenberg group \(\mathbb H ^1\). In [8] (see also [16]), it was proven that the Dirichlet realisation \(L^\mathscr{D}_{\Omega ^\mathsf{c }}\) of \(L\) on a domain \(\Omega ^\mathsf{c }\subset \mathbb H ^1\) of finite measure satisfies
In our paper we obtain lower bounds on the traces of the differences \((H_B-\lambda )^\gamma _- -(P_\Omega H_B P_\Omega -\lambda )^\gamma _-\) and \((L-\lambda )^\gamma _- -(P_\Omega L P_\Omega -\lambda )^\gamma _-\) which are of the same form as the upper bounds in (5) and (6), respectively.
The paper is organised as follows. In Sect. 2 we discuss (3) in the general setting of \(H\) being a self-adjoint operator on \(L^2(\mathbb{R }^d)\). We then state our main results for the magnetic operator \(H_B\) with constant magnetic field and the sub-Laplacian \(L\) in Theorems 2 and 3, respectively. The complete proofs of these results are given in the subsequent sections.
2 Statement of the main results
Let \(H\) be a self-adjoint operator on the space \(L^2(\mathbb{R }^d)\) and let \(\varphi :\mathbb R \rightarrow \mathbb{R }\) be a convex function such that \(\varphi (H)-\varphi (P_\Omega H P_\Omega )\) and \(\varphi (H)-P_\Omega \varphi (H)P_\Omega \) are both trace-class. Under these assumptions a generalisation of the Berezin–Lieb inequality as derived in [10] states that
As a consequence, we obtain the inequality
by making use of the additivity of the trace. We now simplify the right-hand-side of (7) as follows. To shorten notation denote the trace-class operator \(Q:=\varphi (H)-P_\Omega \varphi (H)P_\Omega \) and let \(P_{\Omega ^\mathsf{c }}=\mathbb I -P_\Omega \) be the complementary projection of \(P_\Omega \). Clearly \(Q\) can be written as the sum of four operators corresponding to the decomposition of \(L^2(\mathbb{R }^d)\) into \(\mathrm {ran} P_\Omega \) and \(\mathrm {ran} P_{\Omega ^\mathsf{c }}\), i.e.
In [15][Theorem VI.25] it is shown that, if \(T\) is trace-class and \(S\) is bounded, then \(\mathrm {tr} (ST)=\mathrm {tr} (TS)\). As a result \(\mathrm {tr} (P_\Omega Q P_{\Omega ^\mathsf{c }})=0\) as well as \(\mathrm {tr} (P_{\Omega ^\mathsf{c }} Q P_\Omega )=0\). Thus the trace of \(Q\) consists only of the diagonal terms
These results are summarised in the following theorem.
Theorem 1
Let \(H\) be a self-adjoint operator on \(L^2(\mathbb{R }^d)\) and \(\varphi :\mathbb R \rightarrow \mathbb R \) a convex function such that \(\varphi (H)-\varphi (P_\Omega H P_\Omega )\) and \(\varphi (H)-P_\Omega \varphi (H)P_\Omega \) are both trace-class. Then the Berezin–Lieb type inequality
holds.
While this result is true for arbitrary self-adjoint operators \(H\), we shall now apply it to two special choices of \(H\) to obtain the main results of this work. First, consider Schrödinger operators with magnetic fields. Let the magnetic field \(B(x)\) be a two-form on \(\mathbb R ^d\) and the magnetic vector potential \(A(x)\) a one-form satisfying \(B(x)=\, \mathrm {d} A(x)\). We shall restrict ourselves to the case \(d=2\) and in the remainder of this work, we furthermore assume that \(B\) is constant and positive. Consider the magnetic operator \(H_B=(-\mathrm i \nabla +A(x))^2\), which is defined as the closure of the form
on \(\mathscr{C}_c^\infty (\mathbb R ^2)\), the set of smooth functions with compact support. The obtained operator is found to be self-adjoint and we can state the first main result.
Theorem 2
Assume \(d=2,\lambda \ge 0,B>0,\gamma \ge 1\) and let \(\Omega \) be an open subset of \(\mathbb R ^2\) such that \(\mathbb R ^2\setminus \Omega \) has finite measure. Then the inequality
holds and the right-hand-side can be calculated explicitly as
The proof of Theorem 2 is provided in Sect. 3. The lower bound (9) coincides with the upper bound (5) for the magnetic operator on the set \(\Omega ^\mathsf c \) of finite volume. In essence the proof is the same.
Similar results can also be obtained on the first Heisenberg group \(\mathbb H ^1\). Here, \(\mathbb H ^1\) is considered to be the three-dimensional space \(\mathbb R ^3\) equipped with the non-commutative multiplication
for \((x_1,x_2,x_3),(y_1,y_2,y_3)\in \mathbb R ^3\). On the Heisenberg group, we introduce the two left-invariant vector fields
Using these definitions, we consider the quadratic form
on \(\mathcal C _c^\infty (\mathbb R ^3)\) and note that the closure of this form gives the self-adjoint sub-Laplacian \(L=-X_1^2-X_2^2\) on \(\mathbb H ^1\). For a detailed background we refer to the literature, e.g. [3]. The sub-Laplacian \(L\) is found to satisfy the following analogue of the Berezin inequality.
Theorem 3
Assume \(\lambda \ge 0,\gamma \ge 1\) and let \(\Omega \) be an open subset of \(\mathbb R ^3\) such that \(\mathbb R ^3\setminus \Omega \) has finite measure. Then the inequality
holds for the sub-Laplacian \(L\) on \(\mathbb H ^1\) and the right-hand-side can be calculated explicitly as
Similarly to the previous application, the lower bound (11) coincides with the upper bound in the case of the Heisenberg sub-Laplacian being defined on the domain \(\Omega ^\mathsf c \) of finite measure with Dirichlet boundary conditions, see (6). The proof of Theorem 3 is basically the same as in the case of finite measure [8] and can be found in Sect. 4. Note that this result can easily be generalised to the \(N\)-th Heisenberg group \(\mathbb H ^N\).
Remark 1
Using Theorem 1 we can also reproduce the results of Frank, Lewin, Lieb and Seiringer [5] and show that
for the Laplacian on a set \(\Omega \subset \mathbb R ^d\) with complement of finite measure.
3 The proof of Theorem 2
Let \(\varphi _{\lambda ,\gamma }:\mathbb R \rightarrow \mathbb R \) be the convex function defined as
Applying Theorem 1 to this function and the operator \(H_B\) yields (8) and it only remains to prove (9). This can be done in complete analogy to calculations by Frank, Loss and Weidl [6]. The spectrum of \(H_B\) is entirely discrete and can be calculated to be \((2k+1)B\) for \(k\in \mathbb N \cup \{0\}\). The projection onto the \(k\)-th Landau level is denoted by \(\Pi _{B,k}\). The spectral theorem implies that the operator \(\varphi _{\lambda ,\gamma }(H_B)\) can then be written as
We multiply this identity from both sides with the projection \(P_{\Omega ^\mathsf c }\) and consider the trace of the obtained expression, that is
To explicitly calculate the summands on the right-hand-side of (13), we observe that by the cyclicity of the trace
where \(\left\| \cdot \right\| _{\sigma _2}\) denotes the Hilbert–Schmidt norm. This norm can be calculated explicitly by using the integral kernel of the operator \(P_{\Omega ^\mathsf c }\Pi _{B,k}\). Let \(\Pi _{B,k}(x,y)\) be the integral kernel of \(\Pi _{B,k}\) such that \(\Pi _{B,k} \psi (x)=\int _\mathbb{R ^2} \Pi _{B,k}(x,y)\psi (y)\, \mathrm {d} y\). The integral kernel of the composition \(P_{\Omega ^\mathsf c }\Pi _{B,k} \) is then given by
We can calculate the Hilbert-Schmidt norm on the right-hand-side of (14) by double integration of the square of the modulus of this integral kernel, that is
To explicitly solve this integral, we point out some important properties of the function \(\Pi _{B,k}(x,y)\). As the orthogonal projection \(\Pi _{B,k}\) is self-adjoint it must hold that \(\Pi _{B,k}(x,y)=\overline{\Pi _{B,k}(y,x)}\). By evaluating \(\Pi _{B,k}\) at the delta distribution \(\delta (x-x_0)\) and using the defining property of projections, \(\Pi _{B,k}=\Pi _{B,k}\Pi _{B,k}\), it can easily be concluded that
It is furthermore a remarkable fact that the diagonal of the integral kernel of \(\Pi _{B,k}\) is given by the constant \(\Pi _{B,k}(x,x)=\frac{B}{2\pi }\) for all \(k\in \mathbb N \cup \{0\}\). Using these properties, identity (15) can be continued as
Inserting this equation back into (13) yields the final result
which finishes the proof.
4 The proof of Theorem 3
Let the convex function \(\varphi _{\lambda ,\gamma }:\mathbb R \rightarrow \mathbb R \) be defined as in (12). Theorem 1 applied to \(L\) yields (10) and it only remains to show (11) which can be proven following calculations by Hansson and Laptev [8]. Firstly, we introduce the Fourier transformation \(\mathscr{F}_{x_3}\) with respect to the variable \(x_3\),
A simple calculation shows that the Heisenberg sub-Laplacian \(L\) satisfies the identity
For fixed \(x_3\), the right-hand-side of (17) can be identified with a two-dimensional Schrödinger operator with vector field \(A=\frac{x_3}{2}(- x_2,x_1)\). The corresponding magnetic field \(B=\, \mathrm {d} A\) is constant and can be calculated to be \(B=x_3\). The eigenvalues of this magnetic operator \(H_{x_3}\) are \((2k+1)|x_3|\) for \(k\in \mathbb N \cup \{0\}\). Note that they depend on the variable \(x_3\). Similar to the previous section we shall use the Landau projections \(\Pi _{x_3,k}\) to prove (11). With respect to the variable \(x_3\), the operator \(\mathscr{F}_{x_3} L \mathscr{F}_{x_3}^*\) simply acts as a multiplication operator and consequently the spectral theorem allows us to write
where we have used the tensor product \(\widehat{\Pi }_{x_3,k}=\Pi _{x_3,k}\otimes \mathbb I _{L^2(\mathbb R )}\) with \(\mathbb I _{L^2(\mathbb R )}\) denoting the identity on \(L^2(\mathbb R )\). For convenience we introduce the notation \(\mu _k(x_3)=\varphi _{\lambda ,\gamma }\left( (2k+1)|x_3|\right) \) swallowing the dependence on \(\lambda \) and \(\gamma \) for the moment. As a consequence of (18) we obtain the identity
This result can be compared to the analogous equation in the case of a magnetic operator (13). While in this setting the magnetic field was a given constant, we now consider a magnetic field that changes with the variable \(x_3\). In addition, the Fourier transformation \(\mathscr{F}_{x_3}\) has to be dealt with. The summands on the right-hand-side of (19) can be written as Hilbert–Schmidt norms of certain operators, that is
for every \(k\in \mathbb N \cup \{0\}\). Here we have used that the multiplication operator \(\mu _k(x_3)\) and the projection \(\Pi _{x_3,k}\) commute. The investigation of these Hilbert–Schmidt norms requires us to calculate the integral kernels of the operators involved. Let \(x=(x_1,x_2,x_3)\) and \(y=(y_1,y_2,y_3)\) be two vectors in \(\mathbb R ^3\). The integral kernel of \(P_{\Omega ^\mathsf c }\mathscr{F}_{x_3}^*\mu _k(x_3)^{\frac{1}{2}}\widehat{\Pi }_{x_3,k}\) can then be computed to be \(\chi _{\Omega ^\mathsf c }(x)\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi }}\mathrm e ^\mathrm{i x_3y_3}\Pi _{y_3,k}(x_1,x_2,y_1,y_2)\mu _k(y_3)^{\frac{1}{2}}\). As a consequence we obtain the identity
To calculate this integral, we recall (16) and stress again that the diagonal of the integral kernel \(\Pi _{y_3,k}(x_1,x_2,y_1,y_2)\) is is known to be the constant \(\frac{|y_3|}{2\pi }\). This results in
where we have used the definition of \(\mu _k(y_3)\) to obtain the last equality. We insert this identity back into (19) and substitute \(p=(2k+1)y_3\) to conclude that
Here, the last equality follows from the well-known fact that \(\sum _{k=0}^\infty \frac{1}{(2k+1)^2}=\frac{\pi ^2}{8}\). The remaining integral can be easily calculated using partial integration
and this yields the desired result.
References
Berezin, F.A.: Convex functions of operators. Mat. Sb. (N.S.) 88(130), 268–276 (1972)
Berezin, F.A.: Covariant and contravariant symbols of operators. Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR Ser. Mat. 36, 1134–1167 (1972)
Bonfiglioli, A., Lanconelli, E., Uguzzoni, F.: Stratified Lie groups and potential theory for their sub-Laplacians. Springer Monographs in Mathematics. Springer, Berlin (2007)
Erdős, L., Loss, M., Vougalter, V.: Diamagnetic behavior of sums of Dirichlet eigenvalues. Ann. Inst. Fourier (Grenoble) 50(3), 891–907 (2000)
Frank, R.L., Lewin, M., Lieb, E.H., Seiringer, R.: A positive density analogue of the Lieb–Thirring Inequality. Duke Math. J. 162(3), 435–495 (2013)
Frank, R.L., Loss, M., Weidl, T.: Pólya’s conjecture in the presence of a constant magnetic field. J. Eur. Math. Soc. (JEMS) 11(6), 1365–1383 (2009)
Frank, R.L., Olofsson, R.: Eigenvalue bounds for Schrödinger operators with a homogeneous magnetic field. Lett. Math. Phys. 97(3), 227–241 (2011)
Hansson, A.M., Laptev, A.: Sharp spectral inequalities for the Heisenberg Laplacian. In: Groups and analysis. London Mathe. Soc. Lecture Note Ser., vol. 354, pp. 100–115. Cambridge University Press, London (2008)
Laptev, A.: Dirichlet and Neumann eigenvalue problems on domains in Euclidean spaces. J. Funct. Anal. 151(2), 531–545 (1997)
Laptev, A., Safarov, Y.: A generalization of the Berezin–Lieb inequality. In: Contemporary mathematical physics. Amer. Math. Soc. Transl. Ser. 2, vol. 175, pp. 69–79. Amer. Math. Soc., Providence, RI (1996)
Laptev, A., Weidl, T.: Recent results on Lieb–Thirring inequalities. In: Journées “Équations aux Dérivées Partielles” (La Chapelle sur Erdre, 2000), pp. Exp. No. XX, 14. University of Nantes, Nantes (2000)
Laptev, A., Weidl, T.: Sharp Lieb–Thirring inequalities in high dimensions. Acta Math. 184(1), 87–111 (2000)
Li, P., Yau, S.T.: On the Schrödinger equation and the eigenvalue problem. Comm. Math. Phys. 88(3), 309–318 (1983)
Lieb, E.H.: The classical limit of quantum spin systems. Comm. Math. Phys. 31, 327–340 (1973)
Reed, M., Simon, B.: Methods of modern mathematical physics. I. Functional analysis. pp. XVii+325. Academic Press, New York (1972)
Strichartz, R.S.: Estimates for sums of eigenvalues for domains in homogeneous spaces. J. Funct. Anal. 137(1), 152–190 (1996)
Weyl, H.: Das asymptotische Verteilungsgesetz der Eigenwerte linearer partieller Differentialgleichungen (mit einer Anwendung auf die Theorie der Hohlraumstrahlung). Math. Ann. 71(4), 441–479 (1912)
Acknowledgments
The author would like to thank Ari Laptev and Rupert Frank for helpful inputs and enlightening discussions. Furthermore the author is grateful for funding through the Roth studentship from the Department of Mathematics at Imperial College London.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Communicated by Dr. Ari Laptev.
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits any use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are credited.
About this article
Cite this article
Schimmer, L. The Berezin inequality on domains of infinite measure. Bull. Math. Sci. 3, 173–182 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13373-013-0035-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13373-013-0035-1