Abstract
The magnesium oxide–nickel oxide (MgO–NiO), nickel oxide–cobalt oxide (NiO–CoO), and magnesium oxide–cobalt oxide (MgO–CoO)-based mixed metal oxides (MMO) were synthesized by sol–gel method. The grafting of conductive polymers (CP), namely polyaniline (PANI), polyorthoanisidine (POA), and PANI–POA copolymer, is carried out on synthesized mixed metal oxide (MMO) by using a chemical oxidation method using ammonium persulfate (APS) as oxidizer, and the doping agent is used as hydrochloric acid (HCl) to make the MMO-CP composites. The synthesis of MMO-CP formation was confirmed with the FTIR, XRD, and UV–visible analysis. The epoxy-polyamide coating formulation is reinforced with MMO-CP composites at 4% (w/w) concentration, and the ultrasonication technique is used for uniform dispersion of MMO-CP into the coating formulation. The mild steel is used as a substrate for casting synthesized coating film, and curing is carried out at 90 °C. The mechanical analysis observed that hardness properties and scratch formation resistance are increased by reinforcement of MMO-CP, whereas chemical resistance remained unaffected. The corrosion resistance increased by incorporation of MMO-CP into the coating formulation, and it is evaluated by the salt spray analysis. The NiO–CoO–POA composite-based coating performs excellently in pencil hardness, scratch resistance, and in the salt spray test.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Grewal, H.S.; Agrawal, A.; Singh, H.: Identifying erosion mechanism: a novel approach. Tribol. Lett. 51(1), 1–7 (2013)
Uhlig, H.H.: Effect of metal composition and structure on corrosion and oxidation. Corrosion 19(7), 231–237 (1963)
Sung, L.-P.; Scierka, S.; Baghai-Anaraki, M.; Derek, L.H.: Characterization of metal-oxide nanoparticles: synthesis and dispersion in polymeric coatings. MRS Online Proc. Libr. 740(1), 1–6 (2002)
Anjum, M.J.; Ali, H.; Khan, W.Q.; Zhao, J.; Yasin, G.: "Metal/metal oxide nanoparticles as corrosion inhibitors. Corros. Protect. Nanoscale (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-819359-4.00011-8
Zuo, R.; Örnek, D.; Syrett, B.C.; Green, R.M.; Hsu, C.–H.; Mansfeld, F.B.; Wood, T.K.: "Inhibiting mild steel corrosion from sulfate-reducing bacteria using antimicrobial-producing biofilms in Three-Mile-Island process water. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 64(2), 275–283 (2004)
Stejskal, J.; Trchová, M.; Bober, P.; Humpolíček, P.; Kašpárková, V.; Sapurina, I.; Shishov, M.A.; Varga, M.: Conducting polymers: polyaniline. In: Encyclopedia of polymer science and technology, pp. 1–44. Wiley (2002)
Bhadra, J.; Alkareem, A.; Al-Thani, N.: A review of advances in the preparation and application of polyaniline based thermoset blends and composites. J. Polym. Res. 27, 5 (2020)
Chaudhari, S.; Sainkar, S.R.; Patil, P.P.: Anticorrosive properties of electrosynthesized poly (o-anisidine) coatings on copper from aqueous salicylate medium. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 40, 520 (2002)
Ibrahim, M.; Kannan, K.; Parangusan, H.; Eldeib, S.; Shehata, O.; Ismail, M.; Zarandah, R.; Sadasivuni, K.K.: Enhanced corrosion protection of epoxy/ZnO-NiO nanocomposite coatings on steel. Coatings 10(8), 783 (2020)
Hamadi, L.; Mansouri, S.; Oulmi, K.; Kareche, A.: The use of amino acids as corrosion inhibitors for metals: a review. Egypt. J. Pet. 27(4), 1157–1165 (2018)
Abu-Thabit, N.Y.: Chemical oxidative polymerization of polyaniline: a practical approach for preparation of smart conductive textiles. J. Chem. Educ. 93(9), 1606–1611 (2016)
Ozyilmaz, A.T.; Ozyilmaz, G.; Yigitoglu, O.: Synthesis and characterization of poly (aniline) and poly (o-anisidine) films in sulphamic acid solution and their anticorrosion properties. Prog. Org. Coat. 67(1), 28–37 (2010)
Sarkar, S.; Sarswat, P.K.; Free, M.L.: Metal oxides and novel metallates coated stable engineered steel for corrosion resistance applications. Appl. Surf. Sci. 456, 328–341 (2018)
Yang, X.; Li, B.; Wang, H.; Hou, B.: Anticorrosion performance of polyaniline nanostructures on mild steel. Prog. Org. Coat. 69(3), 267–271 (2010)
Nynaru, V.; Jayamani, E.; Srinivasulu, M.; Han, E.C.; Bin Bakri, M.K.: Short review on conductive polymer composites as functional materials. Key Eng. Mater. 796, 17–21 (2019)
Chung, D.D.L.: Composite Materials: Functional Materials for Modern Technologies. Springer (2003)
Marimuthu, M.; Ganesan, S.; Johnbosco, J.Y.: Hierarchically structured MgO enrich NiCo2O4 nanorod arrays@ ultra-high cyclic stability for new generation supercapacitor. Electrochim. Acta 357, 136848 (2020)
Almashhadani, H.A.: Synthesis of a CoO–ZnO nanocomposite and its study as a corrosion protection coating for stainless steel in saline solution. Int. J. Corros. Scale Inhib 10, 1294–1306 (2021)
Xu, H.; Liu, W.; Cao, L.; Su, G.; Duan, R.: Preparation of porous TiO2/ZnO composite film and its photocathodic protection properties for 304 stainless steel. Appl. Surf. Sci. 301, 508–514 (2014)
AlFalah, M.G.K.; Kamberli, E.; Abbar, A.H.; Kandemirli, F.; Saracoglu, M.: Corrosion performance of electrospinning nanofiber ZnO-NiO-CuO/polycaprolactone coated on mild steel in acid solution. Surfaces Interfaces 21, 100760 (2020)
Zhao, Y.; Tian, S.; Lin, D.; Zhang, Z.; Li, G.: Functional anti-corrosive and anti-bacterial surface coatings based on cuprous oxide/polyaniline microcomposites. Mater. Des. 216, 110589 (2022)
Sathiyanarayanan, S.; Azim, S.S.; Venkatachari, G.: Corrosion protection of magnesium ZM 21 alloy with polyaniline–TiO2 composite containing coatings. Prog. Org. Coat. 59, 291–296 (2007)
Kadri, Y.; Srasra, E.; Bekri-Abbes, I.; Herrasti, P.: Facile and eco-friendly synthesis of polyaniline/ZnO composites for corrosion protection of AA-2024 aluminium alloy. J. Electroanal. Chem. 893, 115335 (2021)
Benitha, V.S.; Jeyasubramanian, K.; Hikku, G.S.: Investigation of anti-corrosion ability of nano mixed metal oxide pigment dispersed alkyd coating and its optimization for A36 steel. J. Alloy. Compd. 721, 563–576 (2017)
Chandrappa, K.; Venkatesha, T.; Praveen, B.; Shylesha, B.: Generation of nanostructured MgO particles by solution phase method. Res. J. Chem. Sci. 2231, 606X (2015)
Kayani, Z.N.; Butt, M.Z.; Riaz, S.; Naseem, S.: Synthesis of NiO nanoparticles by sol-gel technique. Mater. Sci. Poland 36(4), 547–552 (2018)
Xu, Y.; Guo, J.; Chen, Di.; Miaomiao, Hu.; Li, P.; Yongjin, Yu.; Zhang, H.: Effects of amphoteric polycarboxylate dispersant (APC) and acetone formaldehyde sulfite polycondensate (AFS) on the rheological behavior and model of oil well cement pastes. Colloids Surf. A 569, 35–42 (2019)
Yeole, K.V.; Mahajan, L.H.; Mhaske, S.T.: Poly (o-anisidine)-MWCNT nanocomposite: synthesis, characterization and anticorrosion properties. Polym. Compos. 36, 1477–1485 (2015)
Siddique, M.; Khan, N.M.; Saeed, M.; Ali, S.; Shah, Z.: Green synthesis of cobalt oxide nanoparticles using Citrus medica leaves extract: characterization and photo-catalytic activity. Z. Phys. Chem. 235(6), 663–681 (2021)
Dharmaraj, N.; Prabu, P.; Nagarajan, S.; Kim, C.H.; Park, J.H.; Kim, H.Y.: Synthesis of nickel oxide nanoparticles using nickel acetate and poly (vinyl acetate) precursor. Mater. Sci. Eng. B 128(1–3), 111–114 (2006)
Manigandan, R.; Giribabu, K.; Suresh, R.; Vijayalakshmi, L.; Stephen, A.; Narayanan, V.: Cobalt oxide nanoparticles: characterization and its electrocatalytic activity towards nitrobenzene. Chem. Sci. Trans. 2(S1), S47–S50 (2013)
Reddy, K.R.; Karthik, K.V.; Prasad, S.B.; Soni, S.K.; Jeong, H.M.; Raghu, A.V.: Enhanced photocatalytic activity of nanostructured titanium dioxide/polyaniline hybrid photocatalysts. Polyhedron 120, 169–174 (2016)
Lu, Q.; Lee, J.H.; Lee, J.H.; Choi, H.J.: Magnetite/poly (ortho-anisidine) composite particles and their electrorheological response. Materials 14(11), 2900 (2021)
Hsissou, R.; Benassaoui, H.; Benhiba, F.; Hajjaji, N.; El Harfi, A.: Application of a new trifunctional epoxy prepolymer, triglycidyl ethylene ether of bisphenol a, in the coating of E24 steel in 3.5% NaCl. J. Chem. Technol. Metall. 52, 431–438 (2017)
Verma, C.; Olasunkanmi, L.O.; Akpan, E.D.; Quraishi, M.A.; Dagdag, O.; El Gouri, M.; Sherif, E.S.; Ebenso, E.E.: Epoxy resins as anticorrosive polymeric materials: a review. React. Funct. Polym. 156, 104741 (2020)
Xavier, J.R.; Beryl, J.R.; Vinodhini, S.P.; Janaki, G.B.: Enhanced protective and mechanical properties of polypyrrole coatings modified by silane/CoO nanocomposite on AZ91 Mg alloy in chloride media. J. Bio- Tribo-Corros. 7, 46 (2021)
Deshpande, P.P.; Jadhav, N.G.; Gelling, V.J.; Sazou, D.: Conducting polymers for corrosion protection: a review. J. Coat. Technol. Res. 11(4), 473–494 (2014)
More, A.; Mhaske, S.: Epoxy-based anticorrosive coating developed with modified poly(o-anisidine) and depolymerized product of PET waste. Iran. Polym. J. 27(6), 359–370 (2018)
Ohtsuka, T.: Corrosion protection of steels by conducting polymer coating. Int. J. Corros. 1–7, 2012 (2012)
DeBerry, D.W.: Modification of the electrochemical and corrosion behavior of stainless steels with an electroactive coating. J. Electrochem. Soc. 132, 1022 (1985)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Pawar, C., Mahajan, D., Bind, R. et al. Development of Mixed Metal Oxides–Conductive Polymer Composites for an Anticorrosive Application. Arab J Sci Eng 48, 7841–7854 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-023-07911-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-023-07911-9