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Performance and Mechanism of a Green and Sustainable γ-nFe2O3-Based Magnetic Biochar for the Effective Adsorption of Cadmium

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Abstract

To improve the greenness and recyclability of adsorbent materials, a simple two-step method for the preparation of γ-nFe2O3-based magnetic biochar (FeMnBC) with high adsorption capacity and magnetic recovery properties from coffee waste was developed to achieve the cadmium (Cd) removal from aqueous solutions. Elemental analyzer, TEM, BET, XRD, FTIR and VSM (vibrating sample magnetometer) were used to characterize and evaluate the effects of each operation step or the introduction of materials during the synthesis of FeMnBC. The results showed that impregnation with KMnO4 improved the porosity and Cd adsorption capacity of biochar. The FeMnBC had a maximum adsorption capacity of 111.36 mg/g according to the Langmuir model, and the Cd adsorption capacity was > 100.27 mg/g in the pH range of 4–9 for the application of raw coffee grounds with a certain organic load and acidity. In contrast, previous studies have found that the pH had a significant impact on the adsorption capacity of biochar, and the addition of magnetic matrix may result in a reduction in adsorption capacity (typically < 50 mg/g). The magnetization saturation of FeMnBC reached 16.61 emu/g, which was sufficient for the FeMnBC to be separated by a magnet (> 93.27%) due to the introduction of γ-nFe2O3. Moreover, the Cd removal capacity by secondary regeneration FeMnBC was still greater than 91.37 mg/g, which was of great significance to the greenness and sustainability of the adsorbent material. Furthermore, the mechanism of Cd adsorption by FeMnBC was the formation of complexes through oxygen-containing functional groups and Fe/Mn oxides, cation exchange reactions, π-bond complexation and precipitation reactions, as confirmed by XRD, FTIR, SEM–EDS and XPS analysis.

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Acknowledgements

This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 52170147). The authors appreciate the editor and anonymous reviewers for their careful work and thoughtful suggestions that have helped improve this paper substantially.

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  1. Beijing Key Laboratory for Solid Waste Utilization and Management, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China

    Xin Li, Qiming Zhang, Guodong Cui, Zheng Wang & Yangsheng Liu

  2. Ecological Environment Consulting Department, Beijing Construction Engineering Environmental Remediation Co., Ltd., Beijing, 100015, China

    Xin Li

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All authors have contributed to the concept and design of the study. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by XL, QZ, GC and ZW. The first draft of the manuscript was written by XL and edited by YL. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Li, X., Zhang, Q., Cui, G. et al. Performance and Mechanism of a Green and Sustainable γ-nFe2O3-Based Magnetic Biochar for the Effective Adsorption of Cadmium. Arab J Sci Eng 49, 165–179 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-023-07821-w

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