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HOXA9 versus HOXB9; particular focus on their controversial role in tumor pathogenesis

  • Human Genetics • Review
  • Published:
Journal of Applied Genetics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The Homeobox (HOX) gene family is essential to regulating cellular processes because it maintains the exact coordination required for tissue homeostasis, cellular differentiation, and embryonic development. The most distinctive feature of this class of genes is the presence of the highly conserved DNA region known as the homeobox, which is essential for controlling their regulatory activities. Important players in the intricate process of genetic regulation are the HOX genes. Many diseases, especially in the area of cancer, are linked to their aberrant functioning. Due to their distinctive functions in biomedical research—particularly in the complex process of tumor advancement—HOXA9 and HOXB9 have drawn particular attention. HOXA9 and HOXB9 are more significant than what is usually connected with HOX genes since they have roles in the intricate field of cancer and beyond embryonic processes. The framework for a focused study of the different effects of HOXA9 and HOXB9 in the context of tumor biology is established in this study.

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Abbreviations

HOX:

Homeobox

TALE:

Three amino acid loop extension

CCND1:

Cyclin D1

CDK6:

Cyclin-dependent kinase 6

VEGF:

Vascular endothelial growth factor

CAFs:

Cancer-associated fibroblasts

EMT:

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition

CRC:

Colorectal cancer

SC:

Stem cell

PTEN:

Phosphatase and TENsin homolog deleted on chromosome 10

CIP1:

Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21

WAF1:

Wildtype p53-activated fragment 1

PBX:

Pre-B cell leukemia transcription factor

MEIS1:

Myeloid ecotropic viral integration site 1

MAPK:

Mitogen-activated protein kinase

ERK:

Extracellular signal-regulated kinase

TCF4:

Transcription factor 4

WNT:

Wingless-related integration site

GalNAc-T14:

N-acetyl-galactosaminyl-transferases 14

bFGF:

Fibroblast growth factor

MDSCs:

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells

TGF-β:

Transforming growth factor-β

PI3K:

Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase

AKT:

Protein kinase B

mTOR:

Mammalian target of rapamycin

NF-κB:

Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells

HNSCC:

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

SCC:

Squamous cell carcinoma

AML:

Acute myeloid leukemia

ALL:

Aacute lymphoblastic leukemia

RELA:

V-rel avian reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene homolog A

ATG:

Autophagy-related gene

GRHL2:

Grainyhead-like 2

ALDH:

Aldehyde dehydrogenase

BRCA1:

Breast cancer gene 1

TET1:

Ten‐eleven translocation 1

HMGA2:

High-mobility-group protein AT-hook 2

ANGPTL2:

Angiopoietin‐like protein 2

E2F3:

E2F transcription factor 3

SMAD:

Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2

CXCL1:

Chemokine ligand 1

PFS:

Progression-free survival

TAM:

Tumor-associated macrophage

MHC:

Major histocompatibility complex

DC:

Dendritic cell

TLR:

Toll-like receptor

IFN:

Type I interferons

BM:

Bone marrow

FLT3:

FMS‐like tyrosine kinase 3

FLT3L:

FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand

NK:

Natural killer

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Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia, for supporting this study (Project number: PSAU/2024/R/1445).

Funding

This study is supported via funding from Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia (Project number: PSAU/2024/R/1445).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medical Laboratory, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, 11942, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia

    Ahmed Hjazi

  2. Medical Laboratory Techniques Department, Al-Maarif University College, Anbar, Iraq

    Saade Abdalkareem Jasim

  3. Department of Nursing, Altoosi University College, Najaf, Iraq

    Aiman Mohammed Baqir Al-Dhalimy

  4. Department of Biotechnology and Genetics, Jain (Deemed-to-Be) University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560069, India

    Pooja Bansal

  5. Department of Allied Healthcare and Sciences, Vivekananda Global University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303012, India

    Pooja Bansal

  6. School of Basic & Applied Sciences, Shobhit University, Gangoh, Uttar Pradesh, 247341, India

    Harpreet Kaur

  7. Department of Health & Allied Sciences, Arka Jain University, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, 831001, India

    Harpreet Kaur

  8. College of Health and Medical Technology, Al-Ayen University, Thi-Qar, Nasiriyah, 64001, Iraq

    Maytham T. Qasim

  9. College of Nursing, National University of Science and Technology, Dhi Qar, Nasiriyah, Iraq

    Israa Hussein Mohammed

  10. Uttaranchal Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India

    Mahamedha Deorari

  11. Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, Al-Nisour University College, Baghdad, Iraq

    Mohammed Abed Jawad

  12. Medical Laboratory Technique College, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq

    Ahmed Hussein Zwamel

  13. Medical Laboratory Technique College, The Islamic University of Al Diwaniyah, Al Diwaniyah, Iraq

    Ahmed Hussein Zwamel

  14. Medical Laboratory Technique College, The Islamic University of Babylon, Babylon, Iraq

    Ahmed Hussein Zwamel

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  1. Ahmed Hjazi
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  2. Saade Abdalkareem Jasim
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  5. Harpreet Kaur
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  6. Maytham T. Qasim
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  9. Mohammed Abed Jawad
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  10. Ahmed Hussein Zwamel
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Contributions

Ahmed Hjazi, Aiman Mohammed Baqir Al-Dhalimy, Pooja Bansal, Harpreet Kaur, Maytham T. Qasim, Israa Hussein Mohammed, Mahamedha Deorari, Mohammed Abed Jawad, Ahmed Hussein Zwamel: Conceptualization, Writing—Original Draft, Writing – review & editing. Saade Abdalkareem Jasim: Conceptualization, Supervision. All authors read and approved the final version of the work to be published.

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Correspondence to Saade Abdalkareem Jasim.

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Hjazi, A., Jasim, S.A., Al-Dhalimy, A.M.B. et al. HOXA9 versus HOXB9; particular focus on their controversial role in tumor pathogenesis. J Appl Genetics (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13353-024-00868-x

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