Abstract
A novel laccase-producing white-rot fungus, Marasmius sp. BBKAV79 (Genbank Accession Number-KP455496, KP455497), was isolated and subjected to purification, characterization and dye decolorization study. The purified enzyme was obtained with a specific activity of 0.226 U mg−1 protein and a final yield of 13.5 %. The enzyme was found to be a monomeric protein with a molecular mass of ~75 kDa as estimated by non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and further confirmed with zymogram analysis. The optimal pH and temperature of the laccase was recorded to be 5.5 and 40 °C, respectively. The metal ions Hg2+ and Ag+ were found to drastically inhibit the activity of laccase at the rate of 96.6 and 96.5 %, respectively. Nevertheless, Fe3+ was found to inhibit laccase activity at 40 %. Phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) strongly inhibited the laccase activity, and additives viz, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and sodium chloride (NaCl) were known to follow the earlier pattern of enzyme inhibition. The values of kinetic parameters K m and V max for purified laccase were noted at 3.03 mM and 5 μmol min−1, respectively, for guaiacol as substrate. The textile dyes were decolorized at a range of 72–76 % and 88–93 % when treated with Marasmius sp. BBKAV79 and purified laccase, respectively. Based on the outcome of the present investigation, it could be, therefore, inferred that laccase isolated from Marasmius sp. BBKAV79 effectively decolorizes the textile dyes; however, the metal ions Hg2+, Ag+ and Fe3+ and agents like PMSF, SDS, H2O2 and NaCl pose an effective inhibitory potential under specified physicochemical conditions.
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Introduction
Relentless production, utilization and dumping of synthetic organic chemicals has contributed to environmental pollution globally (David and Kartheek 2015; Malaja et al. 2014). Synthetic dyes are one such class of chemicals that are broadly used in wide range of industries including textile, paper, printing, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals (Vinodhkumar et al. 2013). There are many structural varieties of dyes with respect to the type of chromophore, viz azo, anthraquinone, acridine, arylmethane, cyanine, phthalocyanine, nitro, nitroso, quinone-imine, thiazole or xanthene dyes. It is estimated that 10–15 % of the dyes are lost in the effluent during dyeing process (Houria and Oualid 2009). Many synthetic dyes are difficult to decolorize due to their complex structure. Decolorization of textile dye effluent does not occur when treated aerobically by municipal sewage systems (Willmott et al. 1998). Brightly colored, water-soluble, reactive and acid dyes are the most problematic, as they tend to pass through conventional treatment systems unaffected (Willmott et al. 1998). Color can be removed from effluent by chemical and physical methods including adsorption, coagulation–flocculation, ion exchange, oxidation and electrochemical methods (Lin and Peng 1994, 1996). However, the previously mentioned ways for clean-up prove to be quite expensive, limiting their application at large-scale performances (Moreira et al. 2000). Dye decolorization is also achieved by routine anaerobic treatment of the effluents; nevertheless, reduction of azo dyes (up to 50 % of the total amount of dyes used in the textile industry) by the bacterial reductases produces uncolored, highly toxic aromatic amines.
Laccases (benzenediol:oxygen oxidoreductases, EC 1.10.3.2) are blue multicopper oxidases that catalyze the oxidation of an array of aromatic substrates concomitantly with the reduction of molecular oxygen to water (Giardina et al. 2010; Shujing et al. 2013). Fungal laccases have many advantages, such as substrate non-specific, directly oxidizing various phenolic compounds, using molecular oxygen as the final electron acceptor instead of hydrogen peroxide, showing a considerable level of stability in the extracellular environment. Therefore, fungal laccases have been widely applied in biotechnology and industry, such as delignification of lignocellulosics, paper pulping/bleaching, and degradation of different recalcitrant compounds, bioremediation, sewage treatment, dye decolorization and biosensors (Shujing et al. 2013; Osma et al. 2010; Shervedani and Amini 2012).
Therefore, in the present study, a laccase from novel white-rot fungus, identified as Marasmius sp. BBKAV79 was subjected to purification, and purified laccase was applied for decolorization of the textile dyes.
Materials and methods
Chemicals
Sephadex G-100, DEAE-cellulose and guaiacol were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co, St Louis, USA. Standard protein markers were purchased from Merck, Genei, India. Dyes were collected from local textile industry. All chemicals used were of the highest purity available and of the analytical grade.
Microorganism
Organism screening for laccase-producing microbes on potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates containing indicators resulted in isolation of eight fungal strains. Isolates showing positive reaction were maintained on PDA plates at 30 °C and stored at 4 °C. The best laccase-producing isolate was identified by 18S ribosomal RNA gene sequence deposited in GenBank database and identified as Marasmius sp. BBKAV79 (GenBank Accession Number KP455496, KP455497). This isolate is used for the purification and dye decolorization study.
Laccase production
Yeast extract peptone dextrose–Copper sulfate (YPD–Cu) medium; glucose 20.0 g/l, peptone 5.0 g l−l, yeast extract 2.0 g l−l and copper sulfate 100.0 mg l−l (Adiveppa and Basappa 2015).
Extracellular enzyme activity
The laccase activity was assayed at room temperature using 10 mM Guaiacol in 100 mM sodium acetate buffer (pH 5.0). The reaction mixture contained 3.0 ml acetate buffer, 1.0 ml Guaiacol and 1.0 ml enzyme source. The change in the absorbance of the reaction mixture containing guaiacol was monitored at 470 nm for 10 min of incubation using UV Spectrophotometer. Enzyme activity is measured in U ml−1 which is defined as the amount of enzyme catalyzing the production of one micromole of colored product per min per ml (Jhadav et al. 2009).
where V t = final volume of reaction mixture (ml) = 5.0; V s = sample volume (ml) = 1.0; \(\EUR\) = extinction co-efficient of guaiacol = 6740 M−1 cm−1; 4 = derived from unit definition and principle.
Extraction and purification of enzyme
Five-day-old Marasmius sp. BBKAV79 culture was used for laccase purification. The Marasmius sp. BBKAV79 culture supernatant was initially filtered through cheese cloth to remove mycelial debris. Cells were removed by centrifugation at 10,000 rpm for 10 min at 4 °C. Cell-free supernatant was subjected to 80 % ammonium sulfate salt precipitation, and protein precipitate was resuspended in 0.05 M sodium acetate buffer (pH 5.5) that was dialyzed against 5 mM buffer for 12 h. The sample was dialyzed against a large volume of 0.005 M sodium acetate buffer (pH 5.5) using dialysis membrane supplied by Hi-Media Laboratories, India. Dialyzed product was stored in the refrigerator at 4 °C. The dialyzed protein was subjected to gel filtration chromatography; the dialyzed enzyme fraction (3.0 ml) was loaded onto a Sephadex G-100 column. The active fractions were pooled and used for ion-exchange column chromatography on a DEAE-cellulose column that was pre-equilibrated with sodium acetate buffer (0.05 M, pH 5.5). The protein was eluted (flow rate 60 ml h–l) with a linear gradient of NaCl (0.1–1 M) in the same buffer. A total of 40 fractions were collected and assayed for protein and enzyme activity. The purity of the enzyme protein was checked by non-denaturing PAGE.
Zymogram analysis of laccase on native-PAGE
Native-PAGE was performed as described by Gabriel (1971). Zymogram analysis for laccase activity was performed after native-PAGE was done, as reported earlier (Das et al. 1997), using 5 mM guaiacol in 10 mM sodium acetate buffer (pH 5.6) at room temperature.
Characterization of laccase
Effect of pH and temperature on laccase activity
The effect of pH on laccase activity was studied using guaiacol as substrate dissolved in different buffers of pH (pH 5–11) and incubated at 40 °C and absorbance was recorded at 470 nm. The buffer systems used were acetate buffer (pH 5–6); sodium acetate buffer (pH 5.5); phosphate buffer (pH 7.2); Tris–HCl buffer (pH 8.2) and glycine–NaOH buffer (pH 9–11).
Effect of temperature can be studied by incubating the enzyme at different temperatures ranges (10–60 °C). After incubation, laccase activity was measured by standard enzyme assay. The effect of temperature on the enzyme stability was investigated by incubating the enzyme solution for 15, 30 and 60 min in a 100-mM sodium acetate buffer (pH 5.5) at 40 °C. After incubation, the remaining activity was determined.
Effect of metal ions on laccase activity
To study the effect of various metal ions on enzyme activity, the enzyme was incubated with (20 mM) HgCl2, FeSO4, AgNO3, MnSO4, MgSO4 and ZnSO4 at 40 °C for 10 min. Then, the enzyme assay was done by standard enzyme assay protocol.
Effect of inhibitors and additives on laccase activity
Laccase inhibitors were selected to evaluate their effect on the purified laccase. The enzyme was incubated with (20 mM) PMSF, EDTA and 1, 10-phenanthroline at 40 °C, and laccase activity was measured. The effect of additives like H2O2, SDS and NaCl, on activity of purified enzyme was evaluated, and laccase activity was measured.
Kinetic properties
The oxidation of substrates by the purified laccase was determined spectrophotometrically at the specific wavelength of substrate. The assay was performed by measuring the increase at the A470 for Guaiacol in a 100-mM sodium acetate buffer (pH 5.5). The reaction rate was determined at the substrate (guaiacol) in the concentration range of 0.18–10 mM. The kinetic constants, K m and V max, of the enzyme were determined using a Lineweaver–Burk plot with guaiacol as the substrate.
Decolorization of dyes
The purified laccase was used to test its efficiency in decolorization of textile dyes. Assay was carried out by incubating the enzyme with dyes for 6–96 h at room temperature. The final concentration of dye in the medium on day zero was considered as control (Mohammed et al. 2013). Various dyes such as Navy blue HER, Green HE4BD and Orange HE2R were monitored at their absorbance maxima at 620, 640 and 420 nm, respectively (Saratale et al. 2009). The percentage of decolorization achieved was calculated with reference to the control samples that were not treated with the enzyme. Percent (%) of dye decolorization was calculated as the formula:
The effect of dye decolorization was determined by the decrease in absorbance under the maximum wavelength of the dye, respectively. The efficiency of decolorization was expressed in terms of percentage (Saratale et al. 2009).
Statistical analysis
Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey’s HSD post hoc test. Readings were considered significant when P was ≤0.05.
Results and discussion
Purification and characterization of laccase
The extracellular laccase from Marasmius sp. BBKAV79 was purified to 376.66 total purity with a yield of 13.5 % (Table 1), using a series of purification steps that included ammonium sulfate precipitation, dialyses, gel filtration using Sephadex G-100 column chromatography and DEAE-cellulose using ion-exchange column chromatography. The purified laccase was analyzed by non-denaturing PAGE (Fig. 1). The appearance of a ~75-kDa protein band in native-PAGE indicates that the laccase was purified by this scheme. The relative molecular mass of the purified laccase was found to be ~75 kDa. Zymogram analysis for laccase activity was performed on native-PAGE. Native-PAGE was carried out under non-denaturating conditions. The activity staining of laccase, with guaiacol as substrate, revealed that the single protein band corresponded with activity of the laccase. This result is consistent with most laccases, which are monomeric glycoproteins having a molecular mass of 50–80 kDa (Rosana et al. 2007; Thitinard et al. 2011). Thanunchanok et al. (2014) have reported that the 71 kDa molecular weight of laccase by Trametes polyzona. Chaurasia et al. (2013a, b) have showed that the 70 kDa molecular weight of laccase by Phellinus linteus. Some species of Pleurotus possess a number of different laccase isozymes with molecular masses ranging from 34 to 85 kDa (Palmieri et al. 2003; Pozdnyakova et al. 2006; Wang and Ng 2006b). Mainak and Rintu (2015) have found that the 66 kDa molecular weight of laccase by Lentinus squarrosulus MR13. Patel et al. (2014) have reported that the molecular weight of laccase protein was found to be more than 68,420 Da, and zymogram analysis was performed. The purified laccase from Mycena purpureofusca appeared as a single band with a molecular weight of 61.7 kDa in SDS-PAGE (Shujing et al. 2013).
Non-denaturing PAGE for determination of purity and determination of molecular weight of the laccase (molecular weight ~ 75 kDa)
Elution of laccase from gel filtration chromatography
The laccase loaded on Sephadex has eluted in early fractions (3–13) along with peak in protein. The pooled active fractions were further purified on ion-exchange column (Fig. 2).
Elution profile of Marasmius sp. BBKAV79 laccase from Sephadex G-100 gel filtration column
Laccase elution on ion-exchange chromatography
The early elution of laccase was also noted on ion-exchange column along with protein eluted at peak (Fig. 3).
Elution profile of Marasmius sp. BBKAV79 laccase from DEAE-Sephadex column
Characterization of laccase
Effect of pH and temperature on laccase activity
The optimum pH for the purified laccase enzyme was observed in 50 mM sodium acetate with pH 5.5 (0.610 U ml−1) followed by pH 6.0 (0.541 U ml−1), pH 7.2 (0.489 U ml−1), pH 5.0 (0.423 U ml−1), pH 8.0 (0.368 U ml−1), pH 9.0 (0.345 U ml−1), pH 10.0 (0.295 U ml−1) and pH 11.0 (0.278 U ml−1) (Fig. 4), guaiacol as substrate. Most fungal laccases are functional at acidic or neutral pH values but lose their activities under alkaline conditions (Zhang et al. 2009; Zou et al. 2012). As a rule, many fungal laccases exhibit pH optima in the acidic pH range that vary depending on the type of substrate: for ABTS from pH 2–5, for 2, 6-dimethoxyphenol in the range of pH 3–8 and for syringaldazine between pH 3.5 and 7.0 (Baldrian 2006). Muhammad et al. (2012) have reported the maximum laccase activity at pH 5.0. Chaurasia et al. (2013a, b) have reported the maximum laccase activity at pH 5.0.
Effect of pH on the activity of the purified laccase
The temperature of activity for this purified laccase was found to be optimum at 40 °C (0.740 U ml−1) followed by 50 °C (0.665 U ml−1), 55 °C (0.590 U ml−1), 60 °C (0.445 U ml−1) and room temperature (RT) °C (0.227 U ml−1) (Fig. 5), similar to other laccases from Lentinus tigrinus (60 °C) (Xu and Wang 2012), Tricholoma matsutake (60 °C) (Lijing et al. 2015), Ganoderma lucidum (60 °C) (Wang and Ng 2006a), Clitocybe maxima (60 °C) (Zhang et al. 2010), Hericium erinaceus (40 °C) (Wang and Ng 2004) and Lentinula edodes (40 °C) (Nagai et al. 2002). Chaurasia et al. (2013a, b) have reported the maximum laccase activity at 40 °C. On the other hand, Tricarpelema giganteum (Hyoung et al. 2004), Lentinula edodes (Sun et al. 2011), Pleurotus eryngii (Wang and Ng 2006b), and Ganoderma lucidum (Wang and Ng 2006a) laccases demonstrated a higher optimal temperature of 70 °C. Farnet et al. (2000) described a laccase from Marasmius quercophilus, a white-rot fungus, with temperature optimum at 80 °C. Shujing et al. (2013) have reported optimum temperature at 50 °C. Muhammad et al. (2012) have reported the maximum laccase activity at 40 °C. Guo-Qing et al. (2010) have showed that the maximum activity of laccase was observed at 60 °C. Thermal stability of laccase was investigated by measurement of the stability activity after incubation of purified laccase in 50 mM sodium acetate buffer, pH 5.5 at 40 °C for 15, 30 and 60 min. Laccase activity was stable up to 15 min, but activity was lost at 30 and 60 min. Laccase activity about 85.32, 80.69 and 75.7 % and lost about 14.68, 19.31 and 24.3 % at 15, 30 and 60 min, respectively.
Effect of temperature on the activity of purified laccase
Effect of metal ions on laccase activity
The stability of enzyme activity against different metal ions was studied, and it was observed that HgCl2 and AgNO3 completely inhibited the enzyme activity followed by 40 % enzyme activity inhibited by FeSO4 (Table 2). Addition of Fe2+ ions caused the disappearance of most activity; negative effect of ferrous ion in low concentrations was demonstrated in previous studies (Ben and Sayadi 2011; Daâssi et al. 2013; Murugesan et al. 2009). Mainak and Rintu (2015) have showed that Na2S has completely inhibited the enzyme activity. More et al. (2011) have reported that the zinc inactivated the enzyme completely at 2 mM concentration. The observations indicated that the effect of metal ions on laccase activity was highly dependent on its source and the type of metals used, which had a great influence on the catalytic activity of the enzyme.
Effect of inhibitors and additives on laccase activity
The activity of laccases is inhibited by various organic and inorganic compounds (Morozova et al. 2007). Anions such as the halides, azide, cyanide and hydroxide bind to the type 2 and type 3 copper atoms of laccases, which disrupts the electron transfer system, resulting in enzyme inhibition (Gianfreda et al. 1999). Three potential inhibitors (PMSF, EDTA and 1, 10-phenanthroline ) were evaluated to check the inhibition properties of laccase. It was observed that PMSF inhibits the little enzyme activity (Table 3). This is non-serine and non-metallo laccase. Mainak and Rintu (2015) have reported that the dithiothreitol acted as a potent inhibitor which was able to inhibit the enzyme completely at 0.1 mM concentration. More et al. (2011) have reported that the sodium azide was a potent inhibitor of enzyme, which inactivated the purified laccase completely. Chakroun et al. (2010) have reported that the Trichoderma atroviride laccase was strongly inhibited by the typical laccase inhibitor sodium azide, but it was not sensitive to EDTA and SDS. Sadhasivam et al. (2008) have reported that the Trichoderma harzianum laccase was mildly inhibited by the metal chelator EDTA at 1 mM concentration (16.8 % inhibition).
The effect of additives like H2O2, SDS and NaCl, on activity of purified enzyme was evaluated. Results exhibited that H2O2 inhibited the enzyme activity followed by NaCl and SDS (Table 3). Laccase has not shown tolerance to bleaching agent, and is also not tolerant to detergent and salt. Mainak and Rintu (2015) have reported that, at 10 mM concentration of SDS, the enzyme was completely inhibited.
Kinetic properties
The kinetic parameters K m and V max of purified laccase from Marasmius sp. BBKAV79 were found to be 3.03 mM and 5 μmol min−1, respectively (Fig. 6). Mainak and Rintu (2015) have showed that the K m and V max values of the purified yellow laccase were 0.0714 mM and 0.0091 mM min−1. Moon-Jeong et al. (2015) have reported that the K m value of the enzyme for substrate ABTS is 12.8 µM, and its corresponding Vmax value is 8125.4 U mg−1. The laccase in Trametes sp. strain AH28-2 had a K m value of 25 μM for ABTS (Xiao et al. 2003). Shujing et al. (2013) have reported that the K m and Vmax values of the purified laccase were 0.296 mM and 0.0645 mM min−1, respectively, with ABTS as substrate. When guaiacol was used as a substrate, the purified laccases of Fusarium solani MAS2 (Wu et al. 2010) and Trichoderma harzianum WL1 (Sadhasivam et al. 2008) showed K m values of 10.23 and 2.66 mM, respectively. Thanunchanok et al. (2014) have reported that the K m and V max values of the purified laccase were 0.15 mM and 1.84 mM min−1, respectively.
Lineweaver–Burk plot with guaiacol as substrate
Decolorization of textile dyes
Textile industries consume large volumes of water and chemicals for wet processing of textiles. The presence of very low concentrations of dyes in effluents is highly visible and undesirable (Nigam et al. 2000). Due to their chemical structure, dyes are resistant to fading on exposure to light, water, and many chemicals, and decolorization of textile dye effluents does not occur when they are treated aerobically by sewerage systems (Gisele et al. 2013). Enzyme-based decolorization is an efficient method and of current interest in industrial effluent treatment (Abadulla et al. 2000b). Laccase-mediated azo dye decolorization has been described with crude and purified forms from many fungi; however, most of the laccases required redox mediators (Abadulla et al. 2000a; Zille et al. 2003; Baldrian 2004). In our study, Marasmius sp. BBKAV79 and purified laccase was investigated for their ability to decolorize three textile dyes, without any additional redox mediator, namely Navy blue HER, Green HE4BD and Orange HE2R, which were decolorized by 72–76 % within 96 h when treated with Marasmius sp. BBKAV79 (Tables 4, 6). On the other hand, the synthetic dyes (0.02 %) were decolorized by 88–93 % within 96 h when treated with purified laccase (Fig. 7; Tables 5, 7). Mohammed et al. (2013) have tested the Pseudomonas putida for their dye decolorizing ability against synthetic dyes and industrial effluents. Moorthi et al. (2007) have tested the white-rot fungi Trametes hirsute and Pleurotus florida for their dye decolorizing ability against reactive dyes Blue CA, Black B133 and Corazol violet SR. It has been reported that extracellular enzymes produced by Pleurotus sajor-caju under suspension culture completely decolorized several phenolic azo dyes including AR 18 at 50 mg l−l concentrations, and that most of the dye decolorization activity was mainly due to laccase (Chagas and Durrant 2001).
Decolorization of dyes using purified laccase a Orange HE2R, b Navy blue HER, c Green HE4BD
Conclusion
The laccase enzyme isolated and purified from Marasmius sp. BBKAV79 demonstrated maximum activity and stability at 40 °C and pH 5.5, respectively. The textile dyes were found to be decolorized up to 72–76 % and 88–93 % upon the media containing respective dye was inoculated with Marasmius sp. BBKAV79 at specific durations. Further, the purified laccase, isolated from the Marasmius sp. BBKAV79 was also found to decolorize the same in the absence of the organism. Therefore, the use of organism Marasmius sp. BBKAV79 and enzyme laccase, isolated from it could prove to be a valuable measure to reduce the magnitude of risk associated with effective decolorization process of textile dyes that, otherwise, could significantly contribute in elevating chemical pollution levels. The use of laccase and Marasmius sp. BBKAV79 for decolorization of textile dyes could, hence, be considered as a potential measure by decision-makers for reducing the burden of chemical flow as contributed by dyes, further emphasizing its use in detoxifying the effluents from industries like pulp and paper, textile, paint and electroplating industries, with its further application in wastewater treatment procedures as well.
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Acknowledgments
The authors are thankful to the Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi for providing Bioinformatics laboratory facility, DBTKUD-IPLS (BT/PR14555/INF/22/126/2010), PURSE program from Department of Science and Technology, New Delhi. The authors also acknowledge, Post Graduate Department of Studies in Biotechnology and Microbiology, Karnatak University, Dharwad, for providing all the necessary facilities and financial assistance through UPE (University with Potential for Excellence) fellowship.
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Vantamuri, A.B., Kaliwal, B.B. Purification and characterization of laccase from Marasmius species BBKAV79 and effective decolorization of selected textile dyes. 3 Biotech 6, 189 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-016-0504-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-016-0504-9