Introduction

Some foremost points of concern in river management near hydraulic structures are transport, spreading and mixing of suspended matter and pollutants, transport of sediment and the associated erosion and deposition phenomena. All of these points depend on the turbulence characteristics and transport of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) by means of turbulent velocity fluctuations in the flow (Blanckaert and De Vriend 2005a, b; Lee et al. 2012; Lien and D’Asaro 2006; Liu et al. 2004; Shvidchenko and Pender 2001). In spite of this practical relevance, a lot of ground is to be covered on turbulence characteristics in open channel and near hydraulic structures. The turbulence closure problem at the current stage still requires experimental data for the development of advanced equations for defining the relations between the fluctuating and the mean velocity fields. Measurements of the mean flow field and the fluctuating velocity correlations including the Reynolds’ stresses and the higher-order terms are required for each flow field separately (Byun et al. 2004). The presence of hydraulic structures induces highly anisotropic and physically complex flows in turbulent coherent structures (Blanckaert and De Vriend 2005a, b; Lee et al. 2012).

Piano key weir (PKW)

A piano key weir is a kind of labyrinth hydraulic structure, in general, placed transversely to rivers that causes flow discontinuity and affects the hydraulics of rivers (Erpicum et al. 2011; Laugier et al. 2012; Ouamane 2013). General transverse structures like weir (triangular or rectangular) have a significant function in maintaining the upstream depth of water and securing water resources for optimum use (Kabiri-Samani and Javaheri 2012; Nayan Sharma 2007; Nayan Sharma 2013; Payne et al. 2004). However, it destabilizes sediment continuity, because flow velocity is reduced due to the increased water depth (Bai and Duan 2014; Fan and Morris 1992). Due to the restricting nature of sediment downstream, it is deposited directly upstream of a weir (Kim et al. 2014; Kondolf et al. 2014). As sediment from upstream normally moves downstream with flowing water, the geographical features are changed and hydro-ecological habitats are subsequently affected. Inhibited sediment continuity has an effect on the hydro-environmental status downstream of a weir, which can result in serious disturbance to the riparian ecosystem (Kim et al. 2014). To support the recovery of sediment continuity in rivers, the piano key weir might be used as an alternative transverse structure. It needs the elemental study microturbulence phenomenon near PKW to point out the sediment transport (Sharma et al. 2012). The interaction of flow and sediment transport in rivers creates a variety of interesting phenomena and morphologies, including dunes, bars, meandering, alluvial fans, submarine channels, etc. Insertion of any structure to the flow can change the interaction between flow and sediment transport (Mazumder and Sarkar 2014). For the sediment transport and their interaction study, a comprehensive study of turbulence behavior is required.

Instrumentation techniques and feasibility

Hydraulic structures which are measurably affected by fluid flow encounter or produce turbulent flow fields (Corino and Brodkey 1969; Gad-el-Hak 1989; Guellouz and Tavoularis 2000). These flow fields are characterized by a chaotic and time-dependent fluid motion that has a wide range of characteristic space and timescales (Simpson 1996, 2001). The existence of many scales of chaotic motion makes turbulent flow phenomena very complex and difficult to predict, even for the most basic situations. The protrusion of a structure constructed in a riverbed or on the lateral bank in the main channel of a river reduces the width of the water course and disturbs the flow and sediment transport (Chen et al. 2011, 2012). The flow at the upstream face of a structure is accelerated as it moves past the obstacle, creating a trailing vortex over the structure and wake vortices near the bed at the downstream face (Dey et al. 2008; Lim 1997; Liu and Shen 2008). The presence of a solid structure strongly induces 3-D flow (Chen et al. 2011, 2012). Radical research of turbulence behavior requires a 3-D velocity measuring instrument with the requisite spatial and temporal resolution. Laboratory investigation of turbulent characteristics of open channel flow was completed with the assistance of several instrumentation techniques. Some of these instrumentation techniques with their advantages and disadvantages are summarized in the following.

Pitot tube

The theory of flow measurement by Pitot tube was adopted first by a French Scientist Henri Pitot in 1732 A.D. for measuring velocities in the river. The Pitot tube is used to measure the local velocity at a given point in the flow stream. It is a very simple and low-cost device used to measure mean velocities for various industrial purposes (Bryant et al. 2014; Graham et al. 2013; Oh and Lee 2011). The Pitot tube is not suitable for velocities lower than 5 m/s (Nakra and Chaudhry 2004) because of low pressure differential availability. The Pitot tube has many disadvantages, as ports for pressure measurements require modification to the wall and present potential disturbance to the flow (Liu et al. 1999). The order of error in the measurement of velocity is up to 20 % as reported by Bakke (1957) and the average error is ±2 % (Nakra and Chaudhry 2004). Pitot tube is not so practicable for turbulence study.

Hot-wire anemometer/hot-film anemometer (HWA/HFA)

These are well-known thermal anemometers and measure a fluid velocity by noting the heat convected away by the fluid. The core of the anemometer is an exposed hot wire/film either heated up by a constant current or maintained at a constant temperature. In either case, the heat lost to fluid convection is a function of the fluid velocity. The average cost of this instrument is in the range of 10,000–20,000 rupees and marked as low-cost velocity-measuring instrument compared to acoustic Doppler velocimeter (around 10–20 lakhs), particle image velocimeter (30–50 lakhs) and laser Doppler velocimeter (1–1.5 crore rupees). HWA/HFA has high spatial resolution (Hutchins et al. 2009) and high frequency response >10 kHz (up to 400 kHz). HWA/HFA has turned into a standard instrument for turbulent research in low-speed flow (Kovasznay 2012). Time constant of the instrument is in the order of 10−4–10−6 s, which shows its good dynamic characteristics. For the measurement of velocities, the chance of error is ±0.1 % and for turbulence ±2 % (Nakra and Chaudhry 2004). It was demonstrated that hot wire anemometer is intrinsically inappropriate for measuring turbulent temperature correlations; the major reason is the non-linearity of the temperature sensitivity at low overheat ratios. The instrument is therefore restricted to measurements of the mass flow fluctuations (Smits et al. 1983). HWA/HFA requires to be recalibrated frequently due to dust accumulation, so it is used only for very clean environments.

Acoustic Doppler velocimeter (ADV)

ADV is a single-point, high spatial and temporal resolution 3-D Doppler current meter based on pulse to pulse coherence. ADV has been recommended as a capable instrument for characterizing near-bed flows, particularly in the first 10 mm above the bed (Finelli et al. 1999) with suitable assumptions. It has been widely used across the world for laboratory (Duan et al. 2011; Nikora and Goring 1998; Song and Chiew 2001; Voulgaris and Trowbridge 1998; Wang et al. 2012) as well as field turbulence measurements (Chanson et al. 2005; Chanson et al. 2008; García et al. 2007; Sukhodolov et al. 1998). ADV was advised for turbulence measurement, because of the random noise is about 1 % and the low sampling volume 0.09 cc is undisturbed by the presence of the probe (Sukhodolov et al. 1998; Voulgaris and Trowbridge 1998). Velocity resolution of ADV is 0.1 mm/s and range is ±0.03 to ±2.5 m/s (Nikora and Goring 1998). Its cost ranges from 7 to 15 lakh rupees for different specifications. Agreement of mean velocities within ±1 % than LDA and 1 % underestimation of Reynolds stresses make ADV a quite frequently used instrument (Voulgaris and Trowbridge 1998).

Particle image velocimetry (PIV)

It is a non-intrusive instrumentation system with no alteration of the fluid flow characteristics at the scale of interest. PIV can observe instantaneous velocity vector maps in a cross section of the flow. The uncorrected PIV measurements of the TKE are significantly underestimated due to poor spatial resolution (Lavoie et al. 2007).

Laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV)

LDV is a device which is used for measuring the velocities of moving test specimens employing a laser beam source. It is a well-established flow measurement technique that is capable of providing high-quality, high spatial resolution data over a range of flow conditions (Penney 1969; Stein and Pfeifer 1969; Yeh and Cummins 1964). It is the noncontact type instrument with ±0.2 % of mean velocity error and low sample volume of 0.008 mm3. This system relies upon the measurement of the Doppler frequency shift of light scattered from an illuminating laser beam by particles entrained within the flow. It has also been widely used for open channel laboratory turbulence measurements (Ali et al. 2013; Buchhave et al. 1979; Nakagawa and Nezu 1987; Nezu and Rodi 1986; Nezu and Sanjou 2011; Tachie et al. 2000; Tominaga and Nezu 1991), but it is infrequently used under field conditions because of its size. Deterioration of optical transmissions due to turbidity and higher cost also make its use lesser (Agrawal and Aubrey 1992; Agrawal and Belting 1988).

Instrument reliability using principal component analysis (PCA)

Principal component analysis (PCA) is probably the oldest and frequently applied techniques of multivariate analysis (Abdi and Williams 2010). The fundamental idea of PCA is to reduce the dimensionality of a data set consisting of multiple variables, while retaining as much as possible the existing variation in the data set. PCA is a data testing tool that generally condenses the dimensionality of a large number of interconnected variables (Grahn et al. 1989; Mujica et al. 2008; Wang and Cui 2005). It may be referred to as a data analytical, rather than a statistical tool. This is achieved by transforming to a new set of variables the principal components (PCs), which are uncorrelated and which are ordered, so that the first few retain most of the variation present in all of the original variables.

The above described all five velocity-measuring instruments were analyzed based on their ranking taken from literature and verified by experts. Ranking of various instruments was elaborated within their range of characteristics in Table 1. The PCA method was used to find the reliability of available instruments within their range of characteristics. The PCA was done on the correlation matrix. The correlation matrix (Table 2) was preferred because it was desired to treat all variables on an equal footing.

Table 1 Ranking of instruments
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Table 2 Correlations and standard deviations for instruments
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Table 3 gives the coefficients and variances for the first four PCs using the correlation matrix for the above-mentioned data sets. It is seen from Table 3 that the first two components account for 81.9 % of the total variation and from scree plot (Fig. 1) it has also been seen that two PCs have eigenvalue greater than 1. There are reasonably clear interpretations for each of the first two PCs. The first PC provides a contrast between costly and cheaper instruments, with positive coefficients for variables that are high in cost. The main contrast for component 2 is between the calibration and accuracy in sediment-laden water. This component is therefore a measure of the technical and management feasibility (in terms of handling) for instruments.

Table 3 Principal components based on the correlation matrix five instruments
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Fig. 1
figure 1

Scree plot of principal components (instrument reliability analysis)

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A scree plot is displayed in Fig. 1, in which the eigenvalues associated with a component or factor are given in descending order versus the number of the components or factors. Projection of the variables on the factor plane revealed that the first and the second axes of the PCs explained 60.1 and 21.8 % of the total variance.

Extraction communalities are estimates of the variance in each variable accounted for by the two components. High communalities indicate that the extracted components represent the variables well. If any communality is very low in a principal component extraction, you may need to extract another component. Dimension reduction (PCA) using SPSS22 shows that ADV is most reliable with maximum communalities of 0.896 and PIV has the lowest, 0.634 (Table 4). This analysis may vary with different characteristics.

Table 4 Extracted communalities and component matrix for instruments
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Parameters and methods

The turbulence near a hydraulic structure has been the subject of theoretical and experimental research for the past few decades due to sediment transport (Hino et al. 1983; Nagata et al. 2005; Raupach et al. 1991; Raupach and Thom 1981; Speziale 1990). Sediment transport is highly intermittent and it was hypothesized that this was due to an intermittence of the turbulent intensities caused by coherent structures of the turbulent flow field (Grass 1971; Raupach et al. 1996; Rhoads and Massey 2012). It is common to analyze these coherent structures by using the quadrant method (Nezu 2005). Reynolds stress was partitioned into four events: ejection, sweep, inward interaction, and outward interaction events (Nakagawa and Nezu 1977, 1981; Nezu 1993). Events in the second quadrant (u′ < 0, w′ > 0) are called ejections and in the fourth (u′ > 0, w′ < 0), sweeps (Nakagawa and Nezu 1981). The ejection events can be recognized with a signature of negative fluctuation components in stream-wise velocity (u′ < 0) as well as positive fluctuation components in wall-normal velocity (w′ > 0). Sweep in high-speed fluid rushes in from the outer region toward the wall at a small angle of incidence. The sweep events can be recognized with a signature of positive fluctuation components in stream-wise velocity (u′ > 0) as well as negative fluctuation components in wall-normal velocity (w′ < 0).

Conditional function (Duan et al. 2011) and Reynolds stresses (Nakagawa and Nezu 1977; Raupach 1981; Raupach et al. 1996) are some of the most important parameters that can quantify turbulence around the hydraulic structure. Both of these parameters are of second order only. Third-order parameters like TKE flux in stream-wise and vertical direction were discussed in literatures (Bey et al. 2007; Dey et al. 2011; Krogstadt and Antonia 1999; Wang et al. 2012). Turbulent diffusion, a third-order parameter, was also mentioned in several turbulence researches (da Silva et al. 2014; Elder 1959; Jones and Whitelaw 1982; McComb 1990; Reeks 2014; Taylor 1954). Higher-order velocity structures such as 4th-order (Hoyas and Jiménez 2006) and up to 18 order (Anselmet et al. 1984) were also available in previous studies.

In the age of fast computation techniques, higher-order velocity fluctuations were analyzed using Fourier transformation (Salazar and Collins 2012), but it was also rated as an ill performer for signature characteristics of time series in hydraulic engineering spectrum (Gurley et al. 2003). Wavelet analysis is often used to learn evolutionary behavior with relatively short duration data to characterize fluctuated velocity time series (Gurley and Kareem 1999; Gurley et al. 2003; Kumar and Foufoula‐Georgiou 1997). The basic dissimilarity between wavelet and Fourier analysis is that the wavelet basis function can distinguish local events at different times at the same frequency. In the Fourier basis functions, momentary events are blended into one coefficient (Gurley and Kareem 1999).

Piano key weir and turbulence

The piano key weir is a hydraulic engineering structure for preserving the desired water depth, free flow spillways in rivers, and protecting dam failure under unforeseen flood conditions. Protrusion of the piano key weir to a channel leads to considerable changes of flow patterns (Nayan Sharma 2013) and bed configurations. These changes convey us either negative view mainly in terms of siltation or positive view such as enhancement of morphological diversities. The piano key weir technology has enhanced discharge capacity due to increased crest length and it can be investigated for the sediment transport via turbulence characteristics. Study of sediment transport is very significant for mountainous river as it consists of high sediment discharge. Considerable increasing vertical turbulence characteristics on approaching the structure is a signature of less sediment retention in the upstream (Nayan Sharma 2013; Sharma et al. 2012; Tiwari and Sharma 2014). This can make PKW a better dam rehabilitation hydraulic structure. It will assure less upstream submergence and promote PKW as a socially acceptable technology for in-stream storage as well as a diversion structure.

The PKW has a rectangular nonlinear weir crest layout (in planform); unlike traditional labyrinth weirs, the sloped floor in the inlet and outlet cycles, referred to as keys, overhangs the apexes providing a longer crest length than a rectangular labyrinth weir, and several times the transverse weir width. The piano key weir does not have any gates. So it will involve very little operation and maintenance and would be very much cheaper than conventional dam spillways or barrage structure. Mountainous rivers of India transport higher sediment concentration through it & because of this the use of PKW may be promoted by answering the question of sedimentation mechanism behind it. As sediment from upstream normally moves downstream along with flowing water, the geographical features are changed and hydro-ecological habitats are subsequently affected. Inhibited sediment continuity has an effect on the hydro-environmental status downstream of a weir, which can result in serious disturbance to the riparian ecosystem. To support recovery of sediment continuity in rivers, the piano key weir might be used as an alternative transverse structure. It needs the elemental sediment transport study in the approach flow PKW to point out the physical hydraulic characteristics. Research found that the turbulence structure played a significant role in sediment transport and suspension (Duan et al. 2009, 2011). The measured turbulent flow field (e.g., turbulence intensities, Reynolds shear stresses, turbulence diffusion, conditional functions and flow structures) at various levels in the upstream of the flow is needed for accurate estimation of sediment transport. These turbulent parameters in the upstream of a piano key weir can be investigated experimentally. For these researches, at first we have to clearly understand the terminology behind it.

Time series

The primary data supplied by an ADV is a time series of velocity vector components (Fig. 2). The sample reporting rate can be varied from 0.1 to 200 Hz on the instruments that operate at an acoustic frequency of 10, 16 MHz, etc.

Fig. 2
figure 2

Measured time series and its disintegration (16 MHz, 25 Hz)

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Mean velocity, turbulent fluctuation and turbulence intensity (TI)

As illustrated in Fig. 1, measured time series can be disintegrated into average and fluctuated part. Mathematically, it is expressed as given in Eqs. 1–4. The average of the square of the turbulent part of a velocity can be understood as the variance of velocity, i.e., turbulence intensity. Reynolds disintegration into average and fluctuating portions is in use commonly for analyzing the turbulence velocity field. Fine sand, silt, and clay are transported as suspended sediment in a water column and settle where the turbulence intensity is weak (Duan et al. 2009, 2011).

$$\bar{u} = \frac{1}{N}\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{i = n} {u_{i} } ,$$
(1)
$$\bar{u}_{i} = u_{i} - \bar{u},$$
(2)
$$u_{\text{rms}} = \sqrt {\frac{1}{N}\mathop \sum \limits_{1}^{N} \left( {u_{i}^{\prime } } \right)^{2} } ,$$
(3)
$${\text{TI}} = \frac{{u_{\text{rms}} }}{{\bar{u}}}.$$
(4)

Normal stress

The dimensionless normal stress is the ratio of turbulence intensity to the friction velocity (Eqs. 5–7). Longitudinal and lateral normal stresses are the signature of sediment transport and vertical normal stress can be attributed for sediment in suspension (da Silva et al. 2014):

$${\text{Normalized longitudinal normal stress}} = \overline{{\left[ {{{\left\{ {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{i = n} {u^{\prime }_{i} }^{2} } \right\}} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\left\{ {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{i = n} {u^{\prime }_{i} }^{2} } \right\}} {u_{*}^{2} }}} \right. \kern-0pt} {u_{*}^{2} }}} \right]}} ,$$
(5)
$${\text{Normalized lateral normal stress}} = \overline{{\left[ {{{\left\{ {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{i = n} {v^{\prime }_{i} }^{2} } \right\}} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\left\{ {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{i = n} {v^{\prime }_{i} }^{2} } \right\}} {u_{*}^{2} }}} \right. \kern-0pt} {u_{*}^{2} }}} \right]}}$$
(6)
$${\text{Normalized vertical normal stress}} = \overline{{\left[ {{{\left\{ {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{i = n} {w^{\prime }_{i} }^{2} } \right\}} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\left\{ {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{i = n} {w^{\prime }_{i} }^{2} } \right\}} {u_{*}^{2} }}} \right. \kern-0pt} {u_{*}^{2} }}} \right]}} .$$
(7)

Reynolds stress

The dimensionless Reynolds stress is the ratio of transverse gradient to the friction velocity (Eqs. 8–10). It is mainly responsible for secondary current generation and also contributes to mixing as well as sediment transportation (Nakagawa and Nezu 1977; Raupach 1981; Speziale 1990):

$${\text{Normalized reynolds stress}} = \overline{{\left[ {{{\left\{ {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{i = n} {u^{\prime }_{i} v^{\prime }_{i} } } \right\}} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\left\{ {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{i = n} {u^{\prime }_{i} v^{\prime }_{i} } } \right\}} {u_{*}^{2} }}} \right. \kern-0pt} {u_{*}^{2} }}} \right]}} ,$$
(8)
$${\text{Normalized reynolds stress}} = \overline{{\left[ {{{\left\{ {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{i = n} {v^{\prime }_{i} w^{\prime }_{i} } } \right\}} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\left\{ {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{i = n} {v^{\prime }_{i} w^{\prime }_{i} } } \right\}} {u_{*}^{2} }}} \right. \kern-0pt} {u_{*}^{2} }}} \right]}} ,$$
(9)
$${\text{Normalized reynolds stress}} = \overline{{\left[ {{{\left\{ {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{i = n} {w^{\prime }_{i} u^{\prime }_{i} } } \right\}} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\left\{ {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{i = n} {w^{\prime }_{i} u^{\prime }_{i} } } \right\}} {u_{*}^{2} }}} \right. \kern-0pt} {u_{*}^{2} }}} \right]}} .$$
(10)

Turbulent kinetic energy (TKE)

In open channel flow, TKE is the mean kinetic energy per unit mass linked with eddies in turbulent flow. Physically, the TKE is characterized by calculated root-mean-square (RMS) velocity fluctuations (Ali et al. 2013; Lien and D’Asaro 2006). In general, the TKE can be quantified (Eq. 11) by the mean of the turbulence normal stresses (Eqs. 5–7). TKE can be produced by friction, fluid shear or through external forcing at low-frequency eddy scales (integral scale). Turbulence kinetic energy is then shifted down the turbulence energy cascade and dissipated by viscous forces at the Kolmogorov scale (Poggi et al. 2003):

$$k\; = \;\frac{1}{2}\, {\langle u_{i} u_{i} \rangle} \; = \;\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{i = n} {\frac{1}{2}\left(\overline{{u_{i}^{\prime 2} }} + \overline{{v_{i}^{\prime 2} }} + \overline{{w_{i}^{\prime 2} }} \right)}.$$
(11)

Secondary currents

There are two types of secondary currents identified in fluid flow. First is the mean flow-originated secondary currents which are driven by the curvature effect (also termed as skew-induced stream-wise vortices). Secondary currents of the second kind (also known as corner-induced secondary currents), as observed in straight and non-circular channels, are generated by turbulence (Duan et al. 2009). There is evidence that secondary currents are both the reason as well as the consequences of the sediment deposit patterns and the geomorphologic patterns. The schematic diagram (Fig. 3) presents a rectangular open channel with secondary current generation, where “B” represents width and “h” flow depth. It can be formulated as Eqs. 12 and 13:

$${\text{SC}} = \overline{{\left[ {{{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{i = n} {v_{i}^{\prime 2} } - w_{i}^{\prime 2} } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{i = n} {v_{i}^{\prime 2} } - w_{i}^{\prime 2} } {u_{*}^{2} }}} \right. \kern-0pt} {u_{*}^{2} }}} \right]}} ,$$
(12)
$${\text{SC}} = \overline{{\left[ {{{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{i = n} {\sqrt {v_{i}^{\prime 2} + w_{i}^{\prime 2} } } } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{i = n} {\sqrt {v_{i}^{\prime 2} + w_{i}^{\prime 2} } } } {u_{*} }}} \right. \kern-0pt} {u_{*} }}} \right]}} .$$
(13)
Fig. 3
figure 3

Schematic diagram of secondary current

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Quadrant events

Flow structures generated in fluid flow affect the sediment distribution in vertical plane and the resistance to flow (Bennett et al. 2014; Bennett and Best 1995). These structures can be analyzed (Eq. 14) using the quadrant method (Bennett and Best 1995; Keylock et al. 2014; Kim et al. 1987; Nakagawa and Nezu 1977; Nezu 1993; Roy et al. 2004; Tominaga and Nezu 1991):

$$\% Q_{i} = \frac{{{\text{Events in }}i^{\text{th}} {\text{quadrant}}\left( {i = 1,2,3,4} \right)}}{\text{Total number of events in all quadrants }} \times 100.$$
(14)

In this method, the Reynolds stresses were partitioned into four events: ejection, sweep, inward interaction, and outward interaction events (Adrian and Marusic 2012; Nezu 2005) (Fig. 4).

Fig. 4
figure 4

Quadrant events of velocity

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Conclusions

The piano key weir technology has enhanced discharge capacity due to increased crest length and should be investigated for local sediment behavior. Sediment transport in open channel is directly linked with turbulence structures. Physics, especially about turbulence phenomena (with the help of quadrant event study), will be helpful to decide the design criteria of PKW. Turbulence is a very complex phenomenon in an open channel included with PKW and needs extensive laboratory experiment. ADV is exceedingly reliable to capture turbulence characteristics in open channel flow in laboratory as well as in field. Higher-order velocity structure can be captured using ADV. Up to third-order parameters and turbulence phenomenon have been described in previous studies on open channel. These obtained experimental velocity data can be described under certain defined parameters such as quadrant events, Reynolds stresses, flux and diffusion. Statistics of these parameters will extract important information for empirical derivations in local PKW sediment transport as well as closure of numerical modeling of PKW. Higher-order turbulent structures using wavelet analysis are able to capture local events, which will be helpful for turbulence research in the vicinity of PKW.