Abstract
Chitosan (CH) is a biopolymer derived from chitin, which is the second most abundant polysaccharide in nature, after cellulose. Their functional groups -NH2 and -OH can form intermolecular interactions with water and other molecules, enabling a variety of applications for CH. -NH2 groups become protonated in acidic solutions, causing an increase in electrostatic repulsion between CH chains, which facilitates their dispersion in aqueous media. Aqueous solutions of acetic acid and/or acetates buffers have been used to disperse CH, but may not be adequate for technological applications, espeacially because of the strong flavor this acid confers to formulations. In this study, 0.125; 0.250; 0.500; 0.750 and 1.000 g (100 g)−1 CH dispersions were prepared in acidic aqueous media (50 mmol L−1), not only with acetic (AA), but also with glycolic (GA), propionic (PA), or lactic (LA), acid aiming to evaluate the effects of biopolymer concentration and type of organic acid on: electrical conductivity, pH, density and rheological characteristics of dispersions. Moreover, ζ potential values of CH chains dispersed in these acidic aqueous media were assessed. pH, density and consistency index were influenced by the biopolymer concentration, but not by the acid type. At a given biopolymer concentration, ζ potential signs (+) and values suggested that electrostatic interactions between CH chains and counter-anions occurred, regardless of the type of the organic acid. Thus, at least from a physicochemical point of view, GA, PA or LA showed to be suitable to replace AA when preparing dispersions containing from 0.125 to 1.000 g (100 g)−1 CH for technological purposes, such as thickening or stabilizer in formulated food products.
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Abbreviations
- a :
-
First constant of Mark–Houwink–Sakurada relationship (dimensionless)
- AA:
-
Acetic acid
- A 1320 :
-
Normalized absorbance of the peak at wavenumbers 1320 cm−1 (norm. arb. u.)
- A 1420 :
-
Normalized absorbance of the peak at wavenumbers 1420 cm−1 (norm. arb. u.)
- CDD:
-
Chitosan diluted-dispersions
- CH:
-
Chitosan
- CS:
-
Control systems
- CSD:
-
Chitosan stock-dispersions
- DA:
-
Degree of acetylation (%)
- DD:
-
Degree of deacetylation (%)
- GA:
-
Glycolic acid
- K :
-
Consistency index (Pa sn)
- K MHS :
-
Second constant of Mark–Houwink–Sakurada relationship (dL g−1)
- LA:
-
Lactic acid
- MAPE:
-
Mean absolute percentage error (%)
- \(\overline{M}_{V}\) :
-
Viscometric-average molar mass (kDa)
- n :
-
Flow behavior index (dimensionless)
- PA:
-
Propionic acid
- pH:
-
Hydrogenionic potential (dimensionless)
- R 2 :
-
Coefficient of determination
- ζ:
-
Zeta potential (mV)
- μ :
-
Viscosity (Pa s)
- μ e :
-
Electrophoretic mobility (m2 (V s)−1)
- ν :
-
Speed of particles (m s−1)
- τ :
-
Shear stress (Pa)
- \(\dot{\gamma }\) :
-
Shear rate (s−1)
- \({\vec{\text{E}}}\) :
-
Electric field (N C−1)
- [η]H :
-
Huggins intrinsic viscosity (dL g−1)
- [η]K :
-
Kraemer intrinsic viscosity (dL g−1)
- \(\left[ {\overline{\eta }} \right]\) :
-
Average intrinsic viscosity (dL g−1
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Acknowledgements
The authors are thankful to: Brazilian research agencies CAPES (Finance Code 001), CNPq (PDJ - 156047/2018-7), FAPEMIG, FINEP, and FUNARBE, for their financial support; LABEM–UFV, for allowing us using some of their facilities to perform some experiments; Mrs. Angélica Ribeiro da Costa, for her technical support in the rheological analyses; Mr. Márcio Alvarenga, for his technical support in performing FT-IR analyses.
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Lucas de Souza SOARES: Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, Formal Analysis, Validation, Writing - Original Draft, Writing - Review & Editing. Bruna TONOLE: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing - Original Draft. Gustavo Leite MILIÃO: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing - Original Draft. Alvaro Vianna Novaes de Carvalho TEIXEIRA: Conceptualization, Writing - Review & Editing. Jane Sélia dos Reis COIMBRA: Conceptualization, Writing - Review & Editing, Resources, Funding acquisition. Eduardo Basílio de OLIVEIRA: Conceptualization, Validation, Writing - Original Draft, Writing - Review & Editing, Supervision, Project administration, Funding acquisition.
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Soares, L.S., Tonole, B., Milião, G.L. et al. Aqueous solutions of glycolic, propionic, or lactic acid in substitution of acetic acid to prepare chitosan dispersions: a study based on rheological and physicochemical properties. J Food Sci Technol 58, 1797–1807 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-020-04691-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-020-04691-0