Abstract
The increasing use of pesticides for boosting the yield of agricultural crops also impart toxic residues which ultimately extend to numerous physiological disorders upon consumption. The present study was designed as an effort to assess the reduction potential of various chemical solutions and to minimize the pesticide residues in cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis). The samples were soaked in various solutions along with tap water to mitigate pesticide residues. Afterwards, the extracted supernatant was passed through column containing anhydrous sodium sulfate trailed by activated carbon for clean-up. Eluents were first evaporated and then completely dried under gentle stream of Nitrogen. Finally, the residues were determined using gas chromatography equipped with electron capture detector (GC-ECD). Results revealed the highest reduction of endosulfan, bifenthrin and cypermethrin residues with acetic acid (10 %) was 1.133 ± 0.007 (41 %), 0.870 ± 0.022 (60 %) and 0.403 ± 0.003 (75 %), respectively among the tested solutions. However, simple tap water treatment also resulted in 0.990 ± 0.02 (12 %), 1.323 ± 0.015 (14 %) and 1.274 ± 0.002 (21 %) elimination of endosulfan, bifenthrin and cypermethrin residues, respectively. Moreover, among various solutions, acetic acid depicted maximum reduction potential followed by citric acid, hydrogen peroxide, sodium chloride and sodium carbonate solutions. The percent reduction by various solutions ranged from 12 to 41, 14 to 60 and 21 to 75 % for the elimination of endosulfan, bifenthrin and cypermethrin residues, respectively.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abdullah Randhawa MA, Akhtar S, Mansoor-ul-Hassan Asghar A, Sohaib M, Aadil RM, Jahangir MA (2016) Assessment of different washing treatments to mitigate imidacloprid and acetamaprid residues in spinach. J Sci Food Agric. doi:10.1002/jsfa.7563
Aggarwal BB, Ichikawa H (2005) Molecular targets and anticancer potential of indole-3-carbinol and its derivatives. Cell Cycle 4:1201–1215
Ahad K, Anwar T, Ahmad I, Mohammad A, Tahir S, Aziz S, Baloch U (2000) Determination of insecticide residues in groundwater of Mardan Division, NWFP, Pakistan: a case study. Wat Pret 26:409–412
Ahmed A, Randhawa MA, Yusuf MJ, Khalid N (2011) Effect of processing on pesticide residues in food crops: a review. J Agric Res 49:379–390
Asi MR (2003) Solid-phase extraction and chromatographic determination of pesticides in food and water samples. University of the Punjab, Lahore
Bai Y, Zhou L, Wang J (2006) Organophosphorus pesticide residues in market foods in Shaanxi area, China. Food Chem 98:240–242
Bangash JA, Arif M, Khan M, Khan F, Hussain I (2011) Proximate composition, minerals and vitamins content of selected vegetables grown in Peshawar. J Chem Soc Pak 33:118–122
Bempah CK, Donkor AK (2011) Pesticide residues in fruits at the market level in Accra Metropolis, Ghana, a preliminary study. Environ Monit Assess 175:551–561
Bempah CK, Donkor AK, Yeboah PO, Dubey B, Osei-Fosu P (2011) A preliminary assessment of consumer’s exposure to organochlorine pesticides in fruits and vegetables and the potential health risk in Accra Metropolis, Ghana. Food Chem 128:1058–1065
Chavarri MJ, Herrera A, Arino A (2005) The decrease in pesticides in fruit and vegetables during commercial processing. Int J Food Sci Technol 40:205–211
Dalal M, Dani RG, Kumar PA (2006) Current trends in the genetic engineering of vegetable crops. Sci Hortic 107:215–225
El-Morsi D, Rahman R, Abou-Arab A (2012) Pesticides residues in Egyptian diabetic children: a preliminary study. J Clin Toxicol 2:2161-0495
Kaushik G, Satya S, Naik SN (2009) Food processing a tool to pesticide residue dissipation—A review. Food Res Int 42:26–40
Khan BA, Farid A, Asi MR, Shah H, Badshah AK (2009) Determination of residues of trichlorfon and dimethoate on guava using HPLC. Food Chem 114:286–288
Kin CM, Huat TG (2010) Headspace solid-phase microextraction for the evaluation of pesticide residue contents in cucumber and strawberry after washing treatment. Food Chem 123:760–764
Krol WJ, Arsenault TL, Pylypiw HM, Incorvia MJ (2000) Reduction of pesticide residues on produce by rinsing. J Agric Food Chem 48:4666–4670
Kumari B (2008) Effects of household processing on reduction of pesticide residues in vegetables. ARPN J Agric Biol Sci 3:46–51
Kumari B, Madan V, Kumar R, Kathpal T (2002) Monitoring of seasonal vegetables for pesticide residues. Environ Monit Assess 74:263–270
Kumari B, Madan V, Singh J, Singh S, Kathpal T (2004) Monitoring of pesticidal contamination of farmgate vegetables from Hisar. Environ Monit Assess 90:65–71
Lo-Scalzo R, Bianchi G, Genna A, Summa C (2007) Antioxidant properties and lipidic profile as quality indexes of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis) in relation to harvest time. Food Chem 100:1019–1025
Marwat SK (2009) Vegetables mentioned in the Holy Qura’n and Ahadith and their ethnomedicinal studies in Dera Ismail Khan, NWFP, Pakistan. Pak J Nutr 8:530–538
Mckinlay R, Plant J, Bell J, Voulvoulis N (2008) Endocrine disrupting pesticides: implications for risk assessment. Environ Int 34:168–183
Nachshon-Kedmi M, Yannai S, Haj A, Fares FA (2003) Indole-3-carbinol and 3,3′-diindolylmethane induce apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells. Food Chem Toxicol 41:745–752
Rand GM, Carriger JF, Gardinali PR, Castro J (2010) Endosulfan and its metabolite, endosulfan sulfate, in freshwater ecosystems of South Florida: a probabilistic aquatic ecological risk assessment. Ecotoxicology 19:879–900
Randhawa MA, Anjum FM, Asi MR, Butt MS, Ahmed A, Randhawa MS (2007) Removal of endosulfan residues from vegetables by household processing. J Sci Ind Res 66:849–852
Randhawa MA, Anjum FM, Asi MR, Ahmed A, Nawaz H (2014) Field incurred endosulfan residues in fresh and processed vegetables and dietary intake assessment. Int J Food Prop 17:1109–1115
Sannino A, Bandini M, Bolzoni L (2003) Determination of pyrethroid pesticide residues in processed fruits and vegetables by gas chromatography with electron capture and mass spectrometric detection. J AOAC Int 86:101–108
Satpathy G, Tyagi YK, Gupta RK (2011) Removal of organophosphorus (OP) pesticide residues from vegetables using washing solutions and boiling. J Agric Sci 4:69
Steel RGD, Torrie JH, Dickey D (1997) Principles and procedures of statistics: a biometrical approach. McGraw Hill Book Co, New York
Supriya U, Ram D (2013) Comparative profile of adoption of integrated pest management (IPM) on cabbage and cauliflower growers. Res J Agric Sci 4:640–643
Tahir S, Anwar T, Ahmad I, Aziz S, Mohammad A, Ahad K (2001) Determination of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables in Islamabad market. J Environ Biol 22:71–74
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to acknowledge Punjab Agricultural Research Board (PARB), Pakistan for providing financial assistance to carry out this research work.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Abdullah, Randhawa, M.A., Asghar, A. et al. Evaluation of various soaking agents as a novel tool for pesticide residues mitigation from cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis). J Food Sci Technol 53, 3312–3319 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-016-2307-8
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-016-2307-8