Abstract
Assessing the impact of land use land cover (LULC) changes on runoff is crucial for the sustainable management of wetland catchments. This study modelled the impacts of LULC changes on runoff in three urban wetland catchments using the United States Environment Protection Agency’s Stormwater Management Model (SWMM). Land cover maps of 1980 and 2017 delineated from satellite data were reclassified using the geographic information system (GIS) to derive impervious surfaces of three wetland catchments in Srinagar city. The findings revealed a drastic reduction of the pervious area from 2249.6 ha to 1883 ha and a corresponding increase in the impervious surfaces from 321 ha to 704.8 ha including all three catchments. Runoff simulations revealed that from 1980–2017, runoff volume increased by 154%, 76.3%, and 159.5% in the Anchar, Brari Nambal, and Khushalsar catchments, respectively. The results indicate that increased runoff and peak volumes are driven by the land-use change, particularly the increase of urban spaces in wetland areas. For mitigating the negative impacts of runoff, rain gardens, a best management practice (BMP) with low impact development (LID) properties were distributed in the catchments based on the availability of open space, cost, and effectiveness. Simulations indicate that the rain gardens would reduce runoff volume by 46.8%, 10.8%, and 48.6% at 50% of runoff treated, and by 89.4%, 13.4%, and 86.8% at 100% of runoff treated, in the Anchar, Brari Nambal, and Khushalsar catchments, respectively. The results of this study could support environmentally-friendly land use planning for the protection and management of wetland catchments.
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Data Availability
The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Acknowledgements
Shahid Ahmad Dar acknowledges the financial support from University Grants Commission Maulana Azad National Fellowship (Grant number: 201819-MANF-2018-19-JAM-90477) for carrying out this study. The authors are grateful to the USEPA for making freely available the SWMM that was used in the present study. The authors express gratitude to the USGS for providing free access to the satellite imageries used in this study. We also thank two anonymous reviewers whose constructive comments and suggestions helped to improve the content and structure of the manuscript.
Funding
This work was supported by [University Grants Commission Maulana Azad National Fellowship] (Grant number) [201819-MANF-2018–19-JAM-90477] in favour of Shahid Ahmad Dar.
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Irfan Rashid: Conceptualization, Supervision, and Editing. Shahid Ahmad Dar: Conceptualization, Methodology, Data curation, Software, Data Analysis, Interpretation of Results, Writing-original draft. Sami Ullah Bhat: Conceptualization, Supervision, and Editing.
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Rashid, I., Dar, S.A. & Bhat, S.U. Modelling the Hydrological Response to Urban Land-Use Changes in Three Wetland Catchments of the Western Himalayan Region. Wetlands 42, 64 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-022-01593-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-022-01593-z