Abstract
Industrial regions, specialized in heavy industry, currently face many challenges, due to their strong specialization (job losses, closure of plants, etc.) and are looking for new paths of diversification. Industrial ecology can be an engine of this diversification: the industrial symbiosis generated by its implementation is a source of positive externalities stemming from the articulation of geographical, organizational, and cognitive proximities. These externalities strengthen territorial attractiveness and favor the development of a related variety. Using a mixed methodology including the constitution and analysis of database and interviews, we study the case of Dunkirk, pioneer city in France for the implementation of industrial ecology. The empirical results show that the new companies are linked to local ones through eco-industrial synergies. These synergies can be, through the flows of information and knowledge, a source of the emergence of new markets and innovative technologies and thus induce territorial development.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
The choice of this period corresponds to the date of the survey that made it possible to identify the main synergies of Dunkirk’s industrial symbiosis (see Kasmi et al. 2017).
Standard Industrial Classification
The NFA code composed of 4 digits + 1 letter identifies the company’s main branch of activity. It is allocated by INSEE when the company is registered or declares its activity (INSEE 2015).
Our analysis of related variety does not include industrial symbiosis sectors in which no new firms have been created.
References
Allenby, B. R. (1992). Industrial ecology: The materials scientist in an environmentally constrained world. MRS Bulletin, 17(3), 46–51.
Asheim, B. & Isaksen, A. (1997). Location, agglomeration and innovation: Towards regional innovation systems in Norway?. European Planning Studies, 5(3), 299–330.
Asheim, B. T., Smith, H. L., & Oughton, C. (2011). Regional innovation systems: Theory. Empirics and Policy, Regional Studies, 45(7), 875–891.
Asheim, T., Isaksen, A., & Trippl, M. (2019). Advanced introduction to regional innovation systems. Cheltenham: Northampton, Edward Elgar Publishing.
Aydalot, P. (1986). Les milieux innovateurs en Europe. Paris: GREMI.
Bagnasco, A. (1977). Tre Italia. La problematica territoriale dello sviluppo italiano. Il Mulino, Bologna.
Balland, P. A., Boschma, R., Crespo, J., & Rigby, D. (2017). Smart specialization policy in the EU: Relatedness, knowledge complexity and regional diversification. Papers in Evolutionary Economic Geography, 17, 1–33.
Becattini, G. (1990). The Marshallian industrial district as a socio-economic notion. In G. Руке Becattini & W. Sengerberger (Eds.), Industrial districts and inter-firm co-operation in Italy (pp. 37–51). Geneva: International institute for labour studies.
Boons, F. A., & Baas, L. W. (1997). Types of industrial ecology: The problem of coordination. Journal of Cleaner Production, 5, 79–86.
Boschma, R. (2004). Competitiveness of regions from an evolutionary perspective. Regional Studies, 38(9), 1001–1014.
Boschma, R. A. (2005). Proximity and innovation: A critical assessment. Regional Studies, 39(1), 61–74.
Boschma, R., & Frenken, K. (2006). Why is economic geography not an evolutionary science? Towards an Evolutionary Economic Geography. Journal of Economic Geography, 6, 273–302.
Boschma, R., & Frenken, K. (2011). Technological relatedness, related variety and economic geography. In P. Cooke et al. (Eds.), Handbook of regional innovation and growth (pp. 187–210). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Boschma, R., Gianelle C. (2014). Regional Branching and Smart Specialization Policy, S3 policy brief series n°6/2014, S3 platform JRC-IPTS, Luxembourg: Publication Office of the European Union.
Boschma, R., Iammarino, S. (2007). Related variety and regional growth in Italy. SPRU Electronic Working Paper Series. Paper No. 162, Utrecht University, pp. 1–25.
Boschma, R., & Lambooy, J. (1999). Evolutionary economics and economic geography. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 9(4), 411–429.
Boschma, R., Minondo, A., & Navarro, M. (2013). The emergence of new industries at the regional level in Spain: A proximity approach based on product relatedness. Economic Geography, 89(1), 29–51.
Boschma, R., Ballandy, P.-A., & Koglerz, D.-F. (2014). Relatedness and technological change in cities: The rise and fall of technological knowledge in US metropolitan areas from 1981 to 2010. Industrial and Corporate Change, 24(1), 223–250.
Boutillier, S., Uzunidis, D. (1998). Port et industries du Nord. Clichés Dunkerquois, L’Harmattan, collection Economie et Innovation, Paris.
Brullot, S., Maillefert Et, M., & Joubert, J. (2014). Stratégies D’acteurs Et Gouvernance Des Démarches D’écologie Industrielle Et Territoriale. Développement Durable Et Territoires, 5(1), 1–26.
Buclet, N. (2011). Écologie industrielle et territoriale, Stratégies locales pour un développement durable. Lille: Presses Universitaires du septentrion.
Camagni, R. (1991). Introduction : From the local « milieu » to innovation through cooperation networks. In R. Camagni (Ed.), Innovation networks, spatial perspectives (pp. 1–9). GREMI: Belhaven Press.
Carayannis, E., & Campbell, D. (2009). Mode 3′ and ‘quadruple Helix’: Toward a 21st century fractal innovation ecosystem. International Journal of Innovation and Technology Management, 46(3/4), 201–234.
Carayannis, E., & Campbell, D. (2017). Les systèmes d’innovation de la quadruple et de la quintuple hélice. Innovations, 54(3), 173–195.
Cerceau, J., Mat, N., Liming, L., Junqua, G., Laforest Et, V., & Gonzalez, C. (2014). Implementing industrial ecology in port cities: international overview of case studies and cross-case analysis. Journal of Cleaner Production, 1–16.
Chertow, M. (2000). Industrial Symbiosis: Literature and taxonomy. Annual Review of Energy and the Environment, 25, 313–337.
Chertow M., (2004). Industrial Symbiosis. In CLEVELAND C J. (DIR.), Encyclopedia of Energy. Elsevier, Oxford, pp. 407–415.
Cooke, P. (1992). Regional innovation systems: Competitive regulation in the new Europe. Geoforrrm, 23(3), 365–382.
Coppin, O. (1999). L'ouvriérisation de l'emploi dunkerquois, les impasses d'une marche forcée vers l'industrie lourde dans Innovations. In Cahiers d'économie de l'innovation (Vol. 10). Paris: L'Harmattan.
Coppin, O., Ziel, J., Mudard, N., (2000). Développement portuaire et milieu innovateur. Le cas de Dunkerque, Document de travail Lab.RII, ULCO, 31.
Diemer, A. (2012). La technologie au cœur du développement durable : mythe ou réalité ? Innovations, 37, 73–94.
Direccte. (2014). Trajectoire socio-économique de la zone d’emploi de Dunkerque. Les Synthèses de la Direccte n° 34, Nord - Pas-de-Calais.
Dumais, G., Ellison, G., Glaeser, E., (1997). Geographic Concentration as Dynamic Process. National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), Cambridge, MA, NBER Working Paper no. 6270.
Dunn, B. C., & Steinemann, A. (1998). Industrial ecology for sustainable communities. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 41, 661–972.
Ellawanger, N., Boschma, R. (2013). Who acquires whom? The role of geographical proximity and industrial relatedness in Dutch domestic M&a between 2002 and 2008, Papers in Evolutionary Economic Geography (PEEG) 1319
Erhenfeld, J. (2004). Industrial ecology: A new field or only a metaphor? Journal of Cleaner Production, 12, 825–831.
Erkman, S. (1998). Vers une écologie industrielle, éditions Charles Léopold Mayer.
Erkman, S. (2004). Vers une écologie industrielle : comment mettre en pratique le développement durable dans une société hyper-industrielle (2nd édition ed.). Paris: Editions Charles Léopold Mayer.
Essletzbichler, J. (2015). Relatedness, industrial branching and technological cohesion in US metropolitan areas. Regional Studies, 49(5), 752–766.
Etzkowitz, H., & Leydesdorff, L. (2000). The dynamics of innovation: From National Systems and Bmode 2^ to a triple helix of university–industry–government relations. Research Policy, 29(2), 109–123.
Fan, J. P., & Lang, L. H. (2000). The measurement of relatedness: An application to corporate diversification. Journal of Business, 73, 629–660.
Farjoun, M. (1994). Beyond industry boundaries: Human expertise, diversification and resource related industry groups. Organization Science, 5, 185–199.
Fischer, M. (2001). Innovation, knowledge creation and systems of innovation. Annals of Regional Science, 35(1), 199–216.
Foray, D. (2009). Knowledge for growth. prospects for science, technology and innovation. Technical report, research commissioner Janez Potočnik’s expert group.
Foray, D. (2013). Smart specialization and the new industrial policy agenda, policy brief n°8, European commission, Innovation for Growth – i4g.
Foray, D. (2015). Smart specialization: Opportunities and challenges for regional innovation policy. New York: Routledge/Regional Studies Association.
Frenken, K., Van Oort, F., & Verburg, T. (2007). Related variety, Unrelated Variety and Regional Economic Growth. Regional Studies, 41(5), 685–697.
Frosch, R. A., & Galloupolos, N. G. (1989). Des stratégies industrielles viables. Pour la science, 145, 106–115.
Gallaud, D., & Laperche, B. (2016). Économie circulaire et circuits courts écologie industrielle. ISTE éditions Ltd..
Gertler, N. (1995). Industrial ecosystems: Developing sustainable industrial structures. Master’s thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Gibbs D., Deutz P., Proctor A., (2005). Industrial ecology and eco-industrial development: A potential paradigm for local and regional development? Regional Studies, vol.39 n°2, pp.171–183.
Hartog M., Boschma R., Sotarauta M., (2012). The impact of related variety on regional employment growth in Finland 1993–2006: High-tech versus medium/low-tech, Industry and Innovation, Volume 19, n° 6, pp. 459–476.
Heimeriks, G., & Balland, P. A. (2016). How smart is specialisation? An analysis of specialisation patterns in knowledge production. Science and Public Policy, 43(4), 562–574.
Hidalgo, C. A., Klinger, B., Barabasi, A. L., Hausmann R. (2007) The product space conditions and the development of nations, Science, 317, 482–487.
Insee. (2015). NAF RÉV. 2 et CPF RÉV. 2 : guide d’utilisation. INSEE, https://www.insee.fr/fr/information/2406147
Johnson, R. B., & Onwuegbuzie, A. J. (2004). Mixed methods research: A research paradigm whose time has come. Educational Researcher, 3, 14–26.
Kasmi, F. (2018). Écologie industrielle, milieu éco-innovateur et diversification de l’économie territoriale : le cas du complexe industrialo-portuaire de Dunkerque, Thèse de doctorat en sciences économiques, Clersé/ULCO, Dunkerque.
Kasmi, F., Laperche, B., Merlin-Brogniart, C., & Burmeister, A. (2017). Écologie industrielle, milieu innovateur et gouvernance territoriale : Le cas de Dunkerque (Nord- France). Canadian Journal of Regional Science/ Revue Canadienne de Sciences Régionales, 40(2), 103–113.
Laperche, B, Perrin Boulonne, H (2017). La dynamique d’évolution du territoire Entrepreneurs et capital savoir territorial, in BOUTILLIER S. (dir.) Entrepreneuriat et innovation : Contextes et concept, Business and Innovation, Peter Lang, Bruxelles.
Laperche, B., & Uzunidis, D. (2011). Crise, innovation et renouveau des territoires : dépendance de sentier et trajectoires d'évolution. Innovations, 35(2), 159–182.
Laperche, B., Lorek, M., Uzunidis, D., (2011). Crise et reconversion des milieux industrialo-portuaires : dépendance de sentier ou renouveau économique ? Les exemples de Dunkerque (France) et de Gdansk (Pologne). Revue d’Économie Régionale & Urbaine, pp. 341–368.
Levy, R, Ferru, M. (2016). Ron Boschma - L'apport de la géographie à la compréhension des mécanismes d'innovation collective, éditions EMS Management & société.
Lopes, J., & Franco, M. (2019). Review about regional development networks: An ecosystem model proposal. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 10(1), 275–297.
Lowe, E., Moran, S., Holmes, D. (1996). Fieldbook for the development of eco-industrial parks. Indigo Development, final report.
Mameli, F., Immarino, S., Boschma, R., (2012). Regional variety and employment growth in Italian labour market areas: Services versus manufacturing industries. CIMR Research Working Paper Series Working Paper 4, pp. 1–23.
Mirata, M., & Emtairah, T. (2005). Industrial symbiosis and the contribution to environmental innovation: The case of the Landskrona symbiosis programme. Journal of Cleaner Production, 13, 993–1002.
Neffke, F., Henning, M. (2008). Revealed relatedness: Mapping industry space. Working paper series number 08.19. Papers in Evolutionary Economic Geography, Utrecht University, Utrecht.
Neffke, F., Henning, M., & Boschma, R. A. (2011). How do regions diversify over time? Industry relatedness and the development of new growth paths in regions. Economic Geography, 87, 237–265.
Nooteboom, B. (2000). Learning by Interaction: Absorptive Capacity, Cognitive Distance and Governance. Journal of Management & Governance, 4(1), 69–92.
Oecd. (2013). Innovation-driven growth: The role of smart specialisation, OECD Publishing.
Pehrsson, A. (2019). Business relatedness in international diversification: Achievements, gaps, and propositions. European Business Review, 31(2), 197–217.
Perkmann, M., & Walsh, K. (2007). University-industry relationships and open innovation: Towards a research agenda. International Journal of Management Reviews, 9(4), 259–280.
Porter, M. E. (2003). The economic performance of regions. Regional Studies, 37(6/7), 549–578.
Rigby, D. L. (2012). The Geography of Knowledge Relatedness and Technological Diversification in U.S. Cities. Papers in Evolutionary Economic Geography (PEEG), n° 1218. Utrecht University, Utrecht.
Schalchli, P. (Coord) (2011). Rapport COMETHE, Mémoire scientifique, Rapport pour l’ANR, 175 p, miméo.
Tödtling, F., & Trippl, M. (2005). One size fits all? Towards a differentiated regional innovation policy approach. Research Policy, 34, 1203–1219.
Torre, A., & Beuret, J. E. (2012). Proximités territoriales. In Construire la gouvernance des territoires, entre conventions, conflits et concertations. Paris: Economica-Anthropos.
Uzunidis, D. (2007). Entreprises, Entrepreneurs et milieux innovateurs : quelles politiques territoriales de compétitivité ? Humanisme et Entreprises, 28, 57–73.
Uzunidis, D. (2010). Innovation et proximité. Entreprises, entrepreneurs et milieux innovateurs. Revue des sciences de gestion, 241, 13–22.
Van Beers D., Corder G., Bossilkov A., Van Berkel R., (2007). Industrial Symbiosis in the Australian minerals industry. The cases of Kwinana and Gladstone. Journal of Industrial Ecology, Vol 11, n°1, pp. 55–72.
Van Oort, F., De Geus, S., Dogaru, T. (2015). Related variety and regional economic growth in a cross-section of european urban regions. European Planning Studies, 1–18.
Wanzenböck, I., Scherngell, T., & Lata, R. (2014). Embeddedness of European regions in European Unionfunded Research and Development (R&D) networks: A spatial econometric perspective. Regional Studies, 3404(June), 1–21.
Yoon, S., & Nadvi, K. (2018). Industrial clusters and industrial ecology: Building ‘eco-collective efficiency’ in a south Korean cluster. Geogorum, 90, 159–173.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Appendix
Appendix
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kasmi, F. Industrial Symbiosis and Territorial Development: The Cross-Fertilization of Proximity Dynamics and the Role of Information and Knowledge Flows. J Knowl Econ 12, 342–362 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-020-00631-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-020-00631-7