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Systematics and evolution of the parasitoid wasp genera of the tribe Holcobraconini (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Doryctinae)

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Abstract

The tribe Holcobraconini (Braconidae: Doryctinae) is a group of parasitoid wasps mainly found in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. It contains seven genera (Holcobracon Cameron, Ivondrovia Shenefelt & Marsh, Liodoryctes Szépligeti, Monarea Szépligeti, Nervellius Roman, Odontobracon Cameron and Zombrus Marshall), most of which are characterized by having the m-cu vein of the hind wing long and strongly curved towards the apex of wing. Some studies, however, found that three doryctine genera that lack the above feature (Binarea Brullé, Liobracon Szépligeti and Odontodoryctes Granger) might be closely related to holcobraconines. Here, we reconstructed the phylogenetic relationships among species of six holcobraconine genera and the three putative closely related genera using four gene markers and estimated the times of origin and diversification within the tribe. The holcobraconine genera were intermingled in a clade with the above three genera. Liobracon and Zombrus were not recovered as monophyletic. Acanthodoryctes Turner, Antidoryctes Belokobylskij & Quicke and Priosphys Enderlein were also included within the Holcobraconini based on morphology. Based on molecular evidence and on morphological examination of the genera involved, Holcobraconini is proposed to comprise 13 genera for which we include morphological diagnoses. The origin of the tribe probably occurred during the late Palaeocene to mid Eocene, 44.43 to 58.15 Mya. At least two main dispersal events from the Ethiopian to the other biogeographic regions could have led to the current geographic distribution of the Holcobraconini associated with the global increase of temperature during the Late Palaeocene to Middle Eocene.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Mike Sharkey for donating part of the examined material, Cristina Mayorga and Guillermina Ortega for their help at the CNIN IB UNAM, Susana Guzmán for taking the digital pictures and Laura Márquez and Nelly López for their help with the DNA sequencing. RCO thanks the postgraduate program in Biological Sciences of the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) for all the support given during his MSc studies. The present work is submitted as a requirement of the Programa de Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas-UNAM (campo de conocimiento en sistemática) for RCO to obtain his MSc degree.

Funding

This work was supported by grants given by DGAPA-UNAM, Mexico (PAPIIT IN207016) and the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT; Proyecto Ciencia Básica convocatoria 2014 No. 220454) to AZR, and by grants given by of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (project No. 19–04–00027) and the Russian State Research Project No. АААА-А19-119020690101-6 to SAB. This work was supported by an MSc scholarship given by CONACyT to RCO.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Colección Nacional de Insectos, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 3er. circuito exterior s/n, Cd. Universitaria, Copilco, A. P. 70–233, C. P., D. F., 04510, Coyoacán, Mexico

    Rubén Castañeda-Osorio & Alejandro Zaldívar-Riverón

  2. Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Unidad de Posgrado, Edificio A, 1 Piso, Circuito de Posgrados, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, C.P., Distrito Federal, 04510, Coyoacán, Mexico

    Rubén Castañeda-Osorio

  3. Museum and Institute of Zoology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Wilcza 64, 00–679, Warsaw, Poland

    Sergey A. Belokobylskij

  4. Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya Naberezhnaya 1, Saint Petersburg, Russia, 199034

    Sergey A. Belokobylskij

  5. Unité d’Entomologie fonctionnelle et évolutive, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Université de Liège, B-1030, Gembloux, Belgium

    Yves Braet

  6. O.D. Phylogeny and Taxonomy, Entomology, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Vautier Street 29, B-1000, Brussels, Belgium

    Yves Braet

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  1. Rubén Castañeda-Osorio
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  2. Sergey A. Belokobylskij
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  3. Yves Braet
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  4. Alejandro Zaldívar-Riverón
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Correspondence to Alejandro Zaldívar-Riverón.

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Figure S1

Chronogram derived from the Bayesian relaxed molecular clock analysis performed with BEAST and the concatenated data set showing divergence time estimates for selected clades. Black circles near branches represent the PP values ≥ 0.95; blue bars represent the 95% highest posterior densities (HPD) interval of clades (PNG 759 kb)

High Resolution Image (TIF 5151 kb)

Figure S2

Priosphys denticulata Enderlain, 1920 (holotype, female). a habitus, lateral view; b head, dorsal view; c head, front view; d head, lateral view; e hind coxa, lateral view; f basal segments of antenna; g fore tibia; h metasoma, dorsolateral view; i first metasomal tergite; j second-fourth metasomal tergites; k apical part of metasoma (PNG 72.9 kb)

High Resolution Image (TIF 4772 kb)

Table S1

Species assignment, localities and DNA vouchers and Genbank accession numbers of the taxa included in the study. Asterisks (*) indicate specimens whose sequences were combined in a single terminal. (PDF 115 kb)

Table S2

Primers and annealing temperatures used for PCRs. (PDF 57 kb)

Table S3

Evolutionary models used for the Bayesian MCMC analysis. (PDF 60 kb)

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Castañeda-Osorio, R., Belokobylskij, S.A., Braet, Y. et al. Systematics and evolution of the parasitoid wasp genera of the tribe Holcobraconini (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Doryctinae). Org Divers Evol 19, 409–422 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-019-00407-1

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