On the Effects of Acid Pre-treatment on the Elemental and Isotopic Composition of Lightly- and Heavily-calcified Marine Invertebrates

Kazanidis, Georgios; Bourgeois, Solveig; Witte, Ursula F. M.

doi:10.1007/s12601-019-0014-x

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Published: 26 June 2019

On the Effects of Acid Pre-treatment on the Elemental and Isotopic Composition of Lightly- and Heavily-calcified Marine Invertebrates

Georgios Kazanidis^1,2,
Solveig Bourgeois¹ &
Ursula F. M. Witte¹

Ocean Science Journal volume 54, pages 257–270 (2019)Cite this article

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Abstract

Carbonate removal using acids is a common practice in ecological studies. The effects, however, of acid pre-treatment on the elemental and isotopic composition of marine invertebrates as well as how these effects vary according to species’ carbonate content is little known. We examined the effects of acid pre-treatment on the elemental (%C, %N, C:N ratio (%C:%N)) and isotopic composition (δ¹³C, δ¹⁵N) of 28 lightly- and heavily-calcified species from Cnidaria, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Bryozoa, Echinodermata and Chordata. The present study showed that acid pre-treatment modified the elemental and isotopic composition of lightly- and heavily-calcified marine invertebrates. The shifts were clearly seen as a decrease in the %C and δ¹³C of heavily-calcified species while we did not detect a clear pattern for %N and δ¹⁵N (in both lightly- and heavily calcified species). Apart from carbonates, acid pre-treatment caused also the loss of organic compounds, thus confounding the interpretation of carbonate proxy (CP) -a widely used proxy for carbonate content. We recommend the use of CP solely with heavily-calcified species. For the first time it was shown that the use of δ¹⁵N values from acidified samples can introduce substantial bias in our perception about the number of trophic levels, the distribution of species and distribution of biomass across the trophic levels in a community. We have uncovered and elucidated previously unknown aspects and highlighted the challenge posed when predicting shifts in elemental and isotopic composition of species following acid pre-treatment. The present findings should be considered in future studies using acid pre-treatment as they can contribute to the optimum use of samples while avoiding bias in the interpretation of findings.

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Acknowledgments

Special thanks to captains, crews and science parties of the RRS James Cook (JC073 Changing Oceans Expedition) and the CCGS Amundsen (2013 ArcticNet Expedition). Thanks also to the Holland-I ROV team (JC073 Changing Oceans Expedition). Thanks to Anni Makela (University of Aberdeen) and Cindy Grant (University of ISMER) for sampling of the megafauna. Also thanks to Dr Evina Gontikaki (University of Aberdeen) for her guidance on sample preparation for isotope analysis, Kenneth Cruickshank (University of Aberdeen) for analysis on sample elemental composition, Dr Joy Matthews, Sylvia Duncan and Emily Schick at UC Davis Stable Isotope Facility and Barry Thornton and Gillian Martin from the James Hutton Institute for their co-operation on sample stable isotope analysis. Funding for the JC073 cruise was provided by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) UK Ocean Acidification (UKOA) research programme’s Benthic Consortium project (NE/H017305/1 to J Murray Roberts). Funding for participation in the Arctic crusie with CCGS Amundsen was provided by NERC funded research project ArcDEEP (NE/J023094/1 to Ursula Witte). Funding for analytical costs and field work was provided by the Marine Alliance for Science and Technology for Scotland (MASTS) (Biodiversity Grant to Ursula Witte, 140 SF10003-10) and ArcDEEP (NERC grant NE/J023094/1). Georgios Kazanidis was funded by a MASTS PhD scholarship and S. Bourgeois by the NERC ArcDEEP project.

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Oceanlab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Newburgh, AB41 6AA, UK
Georgios Kazanidis, Solveig Bourgeois & Ursula F. M. Witte
Grant Institute, School of Geosciences/ATLAS project, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FE, UK
Georgios Kazanidis

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Georgios Kazanidis
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Solveig Bourgeois
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Ursula F. M. Witte
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Correspondence to Georgios Kazanidis.

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Kazanidis, G., Bourgeois, S. & Witte, U.F.M. On the Effects of Acid Pre-treatment on the Elemental and Isotopic Composition of Lightly- and Heavily-calcified Marine Invertebrates. Ocean Sci. J. 54, 257–270 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12601-019-0014-x

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Received: 06 August 2018
Revised: 21 October 2018
Accepted: 28 December 2018
Published: 26 June 2019
Issue Date: June 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12601-019-0014-x

Keywords

acid pre-treatment
carbonate content
elemental composition
stable isotopes
food web