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Enhanced cyclic stability of partially disordered spinel cathodes through direct fluorination with gaseous fluorine

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Abstract

Spinel-type cathodes are considered an optimal substitute for conventional layered oxide cathodes owing to their use of inexpensive and earth-abundant manganese as the redox-active element. Moreover, the introduction of cation disorder can effectively suppress the detrimental two-phase reaction to realize high capacities in a wide voltage range. However, the continuous capacity decay during cycles has hindered the widespread application of these cathode materials. Inorganic fluorides exhibit excellent electrochemical stability at high voltage; therefore, in this study, the direct F2 gas reaction with a partially disordered spinel cathode (Li1.6Mn1.6O3.7F0.3, LMOF1.6) was initially applied to investigate the impacts of fluorination on the surface structure and electrochemical performances. The inorganic fluorinated layer, mainly containing LiF, was distributed uniformly on the surface of LMOF1.6 nanoparticles after fluorination for an appropriate time without the turbulence caused by the valency of manganese cation, which improved the capacity retention and rate capability by the suppression of structural damage, parasitic reaction, and cation dissolution. The LMOF1.6 cathode fluorinated for 0.5 h exhibited a capacity of 283.6 mAh·g−1 at 50 mA·g−1 and an enhanced capacity retention of 29.6% after 50 cycles in the voltage range of 1.5–4.8 V, as compared to the pristine LMOF1.6 with only 27.9% capacity retention.

Graphical abstract

摘要

尖晶石型正极被认为是传统层状氧化物正极的最佳替代品, 它们使用廉价且储量丰富的锰作为氧化还原活性元素。此外, 阳离子无序体系的引入可以有效地抑制有害的两相反应, 从而在宽电压范围内实现高容量。然而, 循环过程中的连续容量衰减阻碍了这些正极材料的广泛应用。无机氟化物在高电压下表现出优异的电化学稳定性; 因此, 在本研究中, 应用F2气体与部分无序尖晶石正极 (Li1.6Mn1.6O3.7F0.3, LMOF1.6) 的直接反应来研究氟化对表面结构和电化学性能的影响。氟化适当时间后, 主要含有LiF的无机氟化层均匀分布在LMOF1.6纳米颗粒表面, 没有锰阳离子化合价引起的湍流, 通过抑制结构损伤、寄生反应和阳离子溶解, 提高了容量保持和倍率能力。氟化0.5小时的LMOF1.6正极在50 mA g−1下表现出283.6 mAh g−1的容量, 并且在1.5–4.8 V的电压范围内进行50次循环后, 与仅具有27.9%容量保持的原始LMOF1.6相比, 容量保持率提升了29.6%

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Acknowledgements

This work was financially supported by the National Key R and D Program of China (No. 2022YFB3805702), State Key Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 52130303), and National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 51973152, 51973119, 52103093, and 52173078).

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  1. Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China

    Yong-Nian Ma, Ling-Chen Kong, Shao-Shan Chen, Yong Wang, Li-Dong Sun, Meng-Meng Qin, Yu Li & Wei Feng

  2. Institute of Advanced Technology and Equipment, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China

    Cong Peng, Yu Li & Wei Feng

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Ma, YN., Kong, LC., Chen, SS. et al. Enhanced cyclic stability of partially disordered spinel cathodes through direct fluorination with gaseous fluorine. Rare Met. 43, 1635–1646 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12598-023-02528-1

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