Abstract
The unraveling of the Wari Empire circa AD 1000 is marked by violent political upheaval and climate change. Such social, economic, and environmental disruptions are often accompanied by significant shifts in human diet and mobility in affected populations. We examine diachronic change through isotopic analysis of human remains from an early burial site (Turpo; AD 880–990) and three later sites (Cachi, Ranracancha, and Pucullu; ~ AD 1100–1260), all from the Apurimac highlands of south central Peru. Carbon, oxygen, and strontium from tooth enamel are used to explore changes in diet and mobility in 43 sampled individuals. Due to the tumultuous transition and increased violence that occurred as Wari influence waned, we expect to see visible shifts in dietary and mobility patterns between individuals sampled from earlier and later sites. Specifically, we hypothesized that populations at later sites would exhibit a wider dietary spread, a more circumscribed use of water, and an increased degree of mobility as mechanisms for dealing with changing social, political, and environmental factors. These changes would also be reflected in individual isotope profiles, with the hypothesized changes at the later sites revealed through increased standard deviation of carbon isotope values, decreased standard deviation of oxygen isotope values, and the presence of outlier strontium isotope values, as compared with the values from the earlier site. Results support the argument that human diet and movement were affected by the political, social, and environmental upheavals that marked this key transition period in Andean history from the Middle Horizon (~ AD 600–1000) to the Late Intermediate Period (~ AD 1000–1450).
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Notes
When this dataset of second and third molars is temporarily modified to remove the three individuals with non-local strontium signatures, the three LIP site means become slightly lower, but the ranges stay the same (Table 4). The values for the MH site of Turpo remain the same as the site lacks any individuals with non-local strontium signatures to remove.
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Acknowledgements
The authors wish to thank the anonymous reviewers for their thoughtful comments and the Peruvian Ministry of Culture and the Andahuaylas Bioarchaeology Project team for their valuable assistance. Scotti Norman created Fig. 1. EML also thanks the University of Florida, the Tinker Foundation, the University of Florida Center for Latin American Studies, Jason Curtis, George Kamenov, Ben Valentine, Chin-hsin Liu, Mark Brenner, and the UF Bone Chemistry Lab team. DSK and EGC acknowledge Fulbright-Hays (P022A090074), the National Science Foundation (BCS-1218083), the Fulbright IIE Lima Commission, Vanderbilt University, and Amber VanDerwarker. All errors are our own.
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This study was funded by the Tinker Foundation, the University of Florida Center for Latin American Studies, the University of Florida Bone Chemistry Laboratory, the Fulbright-Hays Commission (Grant # P022A090074), and the National Science Foundation (Grant # BCS-1218083).
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Lofaro, E.M., Kurin, D.S., Gómez Choque, D.E. et al. Reconstructing diet and mobility using multi-isotopic analysis in Apurimac, Peru (~ AD 880–1260). Archaeol Anthropol Sci 11, 1089–1105 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-017-0587-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-017-0587-1