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Strontium Isotopes from the Earth to the Archaeological Skeleton: A Review

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Strontium isotope analysis of archaeological skeletons has provided useful and exciting results in archaeology in the last 20 years, particularly by characterizing past human migration and mobility. This review covers the biogeochemical background, including the origin of strontium isotope compositions in rocks, weathering and hydrologic cycles that transport strontium, and biopurification of strontium from to soils, to plants, to animals and finally into the human skeleton, which is subject to diagenesis after burial. Spatial heterogeneity and mixing relations must often be accounted for, rather than simply ``matching'' a measured strontium isotope value to a presumed single-valued geologic source. The successes, limitations and future potential of the strontium isotope technique are illustrated through case studies from geochemistry, biogeochemistry, ecology and archaeology.

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Notes

  1. The Taylor series is a method of approximating a function by the sum of its derivatives. The function ex has the Taylor series expansion

    $$e^x = 1 + \frac{x}{{1!}} + \frac{{x^2 }}{{2!}} + \frac{{x^3 }}{{3!}} + \cdots $$

    If x is small, then the terms on the right are negligible, and we have

    $$e^x \approx 1 + x,\,{\rm or}\,(e^x - 1) \approx x.$$

  2. Incompatible elements – such as K, Rb, Cs, Sr, and Ba – tend to be concentrated in the melt phase when melting or crystallization occurs, which over the history of the Earth has enriched the salicious crust in incompatible elements, which are correspondingly depleted in basaltic and ultramafic rocks.

  3. The instruments of strontium isotope analysis, including the Thermal Ionisation Mass Spectrometer (TIMS) and the more recently developed Multi-Collector Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (MC-ICP-MS or just ICP-MS), are outside the subject of this review, as are the clean lab procedures such as purification of strontium through columns of cation exchange resin, loading of TIMS filaments, etc. These procedures as applied to archaeological skeletal materials are described in detail by many of the case studies (e.g., Balasse et al., 2002; Bentley et al., 2003; Budd et al., 2000; Hoppe et al., 2003; Montgomery et al., 2003b; Müller et al., 2003; Trickett et al., 2003). The technology is always improving, which more recent publications will inform upon, and excellent summaries of the analytical methodology are provided by Dickin (1995, Chapter 2) and the online textbook of White (n.d.).

  4. Sr/Ca exhibits logarithmic, not normal, distributions so that quantitative comparisons require the use of log(Sr/Ca) such that factor of five reduction in Sr/Ca equates to a shift in log(Sr/Ca) of 0.7 (Burton et al., 2003).

  5. However, the stable mass-dependent (non-radiogenic) Ca isotopes (e.g., 42Ca/44Ca) show great promise as a tool to determine trophic level in the food chain, and may be particularly effective in the future when combined with radiogenic isotopes of Sr (C. Johnson, pers. communication; see DePaolo, 2004).

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I thank Clark Johnson, Mike Richards and two anonymous reviewers for very helpful comments. I thank Bill White for his invaluable instruction in years past, and James Burton, Martin Kennedy and Janet Montgomery for sharing their considerable knowledge along the way.

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    R. Alexander Bentley

  2. Department of Anthropology, Durham University, 43 Old Elvet, Durham, DH1 3HN, USA

    R. Alexander Bentley

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Alexander Bentley, R. Strontium Isotopes from the Earth to the Archaeological Skeleton: A Review. J Archaeol Method Theory 13, 135–187 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10816-006-9009-x

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