Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Quantification of contamination, ecological risk index, and health risk assessment of groundwater using artificial neural network and multi-linear regression modeling approaches within Egbema, Nigeria

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Arabian Journal of Geosciences Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This paper examined the efficiency of artificial neural network (ANN) and multivariate linear regression (MLR) models in the prediction of groundwater quality parameters such as ecological risk index (ERI), pollution load index (PLI), metal pollution index (MPI), Nemerow pollution index (NPI), and geoaccumulation index (Igeo). Forty groundwater samples were collected systematically and analyzed for mainly heavy metals. Results revealed that adopting measured parameters is effective in modeling the parameters with a high level of accuracy. Contamination factor results reveal that Ni, Zn, Pb, Cd, and Cu have relatively low values < 1 within the region while the iron values ranged from low contamination to very high contamination (> 6). PLI, MPI, and ERI results indicated low pollution. NPI results indicated that the majority of the samples were heavily polluted. Quantification of contamination results revealed that most of the sample’s quality was geogenically influenced. Igeo results revealed that most of the samples had extreme pollution. The health risk assessment results revealed that children are substantially prone to more health risk more than adults. The ANN and MLR models showed a high effective tendency in the prediction of ERI, PLI, MPI, NPI, and Igeo. Principal component analysis results showed appreciable variable loadings while the correlation matrix results reveal that there exists weak and positive correlation among elements. Based on the outcome of this study, this research recommends the use of ANN and MLR models in the prediction of groundwater quality parameters as they yielded positive, reliable, acceptable, and appropriate accuracy performances.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

References

  • Agidi BM, Akakuru OC, Aigbadon GO, Schoeneich K, Isreal H, Ofoh I, Njoku J, Esomonu I (2022) Water quality index, hydrogeochemical facies and pollution index of groundwater around middle Benue trough, Nigeria. Int J Energy Water Resour. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42108-022-00187-z

  • Aigbadon GO, Akakuru OC, Chinyem FI et al (2023a) Facies analysis and sedimentology of the Campanian–Maastrichtian sediments, southern Bida Basin, Nigeria. Carbonates Evaporites 38:27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13146-023-00848-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aigbadon GO, Akakuru OC, Akudo EO, Onyekuru SO (2023b) Facies, textural and geochemical evaluation of the post-Santonian sandstones in the Bida basin, Nigeria: implications for control on hydrocarbon sandstone reservoir characteristics and paleoenvironments. Unconventional Resources. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uncres.2023.03.004

  • Aigbadon GO, Igwe EO, Ocheli A, Overare B, Akakuru OC, Akudo EO, Obasi IA, Jamilu Ahmed Bala II, Aminu M’a B (2023c) Sedimentary facies, paleoenvironments and paleogeography of the upper cretaceous succession in the southern Bida Basin, Nigeria. Arab J Geosci. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-023-11390-5

  • APHA (2012) Making, a. & decision, C. Am J Public Health:102(1)

  • Akakuru OC, Akudinobi BEB (2018) Qualitative characterization of groundwater sources around Nigeria National Petroleum Corporation Oil Depot Aba, using multiple linear regressions modelling. Int J Adv Geosci 6(1):57–64

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Akakuru OC, Akudinobi B, Opara AI, Onyekuru SO, Akakuru OU (2021a) Hydrogeochemicalfacies and pollution status of groundwater resources of Owerri and environs, Southeastern Nigeria. Environ Monit AssessMent 193:623. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-021-09364-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Akakuru OC, Akudinobi BE, Nwankwoala HO, Akakuru OU, Onyekuru SO (2021b) Compendious evaluation of groundwater in parts of Asaba, Nigeria for agricultural sustainability. Geosci J. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12303-021-0010-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Akakuru OC, Eze CU, Okeke OC, Opara AI, Usman AO, Iheme OK, Ibeneme SI, Iwuoha PO (2022) Hydrogeochemical evolution, water quality indices, irrigation suitability and pollution index of groundwater (PIG) around Eastern Niger Delta, Nigeria. Int J Energy Water Resour. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42108-021-00162-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Akakuru OC, Adakwa CB, Ikoro DO, Eyankware MO, Opara AI, Njoku AO, Iheme KO, Usman AO (2023a) Application of artificial neural network and multi-linear regression techniques in groundwater quality and health risk assessment around Egbema, southeastern Nigeria. Environ Earth Sci. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-023-10753-1

  • Akakuru OC, Njoku BU, Obinna-Akakuru AU, Akudinobi BEB, Obasi PN, Aigbadon GO, Onyeanwuna UB (2023b) Noncarcinogenic health risk assessment and predicting of organic and heavy metal pollution of groundwater around Osisioma, Nigeria, using artificial neural networks and multi-linear modeling principles. Stoch Env Res Risk A. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-023-02398-0

  • Aniwetalu EU, Akakuru O (2015) Granomeric analysis of Mamu Formation and Enugu Shale around Ozalla and its environs evidence from field study. IOSR J Appl Geol Geophys 3(2):19–26

    Google Scholar 

  • Barzegar R, Moghaddam AA, Soltani S, Baomid N, Tziritis E, Adamowski J, Inam A (2019) Environmental Earth Science 78(8):254 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-019-8250-z

  • Bhutian R, DipaliBhaskar Kulkarni, Khanna DR, AshutoshGautam (2017) Geochemical distribution and environmental risk assessment of heavy metals in groundwater of an industrial area and its surroundings, Haridwar, India. Energy Ecol Environ 2(2):155–167. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40974-016-0019-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Egbueri JC (2019) Evaluation and characterization of the groundwater quality and hydrogeochemistry of Ogbaru farming district in southeastern Nigeria. SN Appl Sci 1:851. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-019-0853-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Enwereuzo OO, Akakuru OC, Uwaoma RC, Elemike EE, Akakuru OU (2021) Self-assembled membrane-polymer nanoparticles of top-notch tissue tolerance for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease. J Nanostructure Chem:1–13

  • Eyankware MO, Akakuru OC (2022) Appraisal of groundwater to risk contamination near an abandoned limestone quarry pit in Nkalagu, Nigeria, using enrichment factor and statistical approaches. Int J Energy Water Res. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42108-022-00186-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eyankware MO, Ufomata DO, Solomon EC, Akakuru OC (2015) Physicochemical and bacteriological assessment of groundwater quality in Ughelli and its environs, Delta state Nigeria. Int J Innov Sci Res 14(2):236–243

    Google Scholar 

  • Eyankware MO, Akakuru OC, Ulakpa ROE, Eyankware OE (2021) Sustainable management and characterization of groundwater resource in coastal aquifer of Niger delta basin Nigeria. Sustain Water Resour Manag 7:58. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-021-00537-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eyankware MO, Akakuru OC, Ulakpa ROE, Eyankware EO (2022a) Hydrogeochemical approach in the assessment of coastal aquifer for domestic, industrial, and agricultural utilities in Port Harcourt urban, Southern Nigeria. Int J Energy Water Resour. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42108-022-00184-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eyankware MO, Eyankware RO, Akakuru OC (2022b) Hydrogeophysical delineation of aquifer vulnerability in parts of Nkalagu and OhofiaAgba areas of Abakaliki, SE. Nigeria. Sustain Water Resour Manag. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-022-00603-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eyankware MO, Akakuru OC, Eyankware EO (2022c) Interpretation of hydrochemical data using various geochemical models: a case study of Enyigba mining district of Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, SE Nigeria. Sustain Water Resour Manag. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-022-00613-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ezeigbo HI (1987) Quality of water resources in Anambra State, Nigeria. J Min Geol 23:97–103

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghorbani M, Aalami M, Naghipour L (2017) Use of artificial neural networks for electrical conductivity modelling in Asi River. Appl Water Sci 7:1761–1772

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gong Q, Deng J, Xiang Y, Wang Q, Yang L (2008) Calculating pollution indices by heavy metals in ecological geochemistry assessment and a case study in parks of Beijing. J China Univ Geosci 19:230–241

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gopinath S, Srinivasamoorthy K, Saravanan K, Prakash R, Karunanidhi D (2019) Characterizing groundwater quality and seawater intrusion in coastal aquifers of Nagapattinam and Karaikal, South India using hydrogeochemistry and modelling techniques. Hum Ecol Risk Assess: An Int J 1–22

  • Hakanson L (1980) An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control. A sedimentological approach. Water Res 14:975–1001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hasda R, Rahaman MF, Jahan CS, Molla KI, Mazumder QH (2020) Climatic data analysis for groundwater level simulation in drought-prone Barind Tract, Bangladesh: modelling approach using artificial neural network. Groundw Sustain Dev 10:100361

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • He X, Wu J, He S (2019) Hydrochemical characteristics and quality evaluation of groundwater in terms of health risks in Luohe aquifer in Wuqi County of the Chinese Loess Plateau, northwest China. Hum Ecol Risk Assess 1 https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2018.1531693.

  • Horton RK (1965) An index number system for rating water quality. J Water Pollut Control Fed 37:300–306

    Google Scholar 

  • Iqbal J, Shah HM (2014) Occurrence, risk assessment, and source apportionment of heavy metals in surface sediments from Khanpur Lake, Pakistan. J Anal SciTechn 5:28–40

    Google Scholar 

  • Islam MS, Ahmed MK, Al-Mamun MH, Masunaga S (2015) Potential ecological risk of hazardous elements in different land-use urban soils of Bangladesh. Sci Total Environ 512–513:94–102

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li P, Lin C, Cheng H, Duan X, Lei K (2015) Contamination and health risks of soil heavy metals around a lead/zinc smelter in southwestern China. Ecotoxicol Environ SafEty 113:391–399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.12.025

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mgbenu CN, Egbueri JC (2019) The hydrogeochemical signatures, quality indices, and health risk assessment of water resources in Umunya district, southeast Nigeria. Appl Water Sci 9:22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-019-0900-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Müller G (1979) Schwermetalle in den Sedimenten des Rheins—Veränderungen seit 1971. Umschau 24:778–783

    Google Scholar 

  • Nathan NS, Saravanane R, Sundararajan T (2017) Application of ANN and MLR models on groundwater quality using CWQI at Lawspet, Puducherry in India. J Geosci Environ Prot 5:99–124

    Google Scholar 

  • Obasi PN, Ani CC, Akakuru OC, Akpa C (2020) Determination of aquifer depth using vertical electrical sounding in Ihechiowa area Arochukwu Southeast Nigeria. EBSU Sci J 1(1):111–126

    Google Scholar 

  • Ogundele LT, Owoade OK, Hopke PK, Olise FS (2017) Heavy metals in industrially emitted particulate matter in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Environ Res 156:320–325

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ogunkunle CO, Mustapha K, Oyedeji S, Fatoba PO (2015) Assessment of metallic pollution status of surface water and aquatic macrophytes of earthen dams in Ilorin, north-central of Nigeria as indicators of environmental health. J King Saud Univ Sci. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2015.11.005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oli IC, Opara AI, Okeke OC, Akaolisa CZ, Akakuru OC, Osi-Okeke I, Udeh HM (2022) Evaluation of aquifer hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity of Ezza/Ikwo area, Southeastern Nigeria, using pumping test and surficial resistivity techniques. Environ Monit Assess 194:719. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-10341-z

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Omoko, Ejiro Newton.,Opara, Alexander Iheanyichukwu.,Onyekuru, Samuel Okechukwu., Ibeneme, Sabinus Ikechukwu., Akakuru, Obinna Chigoziem and Fagorite, Victor Immuden (2023). Pollution status and hydrogeochemical characterization of water resources in Onne industrial layout and environs, Rivers state, Nigeria. Sustainable Water Resources Management. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-023-00886-3

  • Ononiwu CG, Enwereuzo OO, Akakuru OC, Ejiogu CB, Onumah CU, Achukee CK, Umaefulam TN, Abaekwume NN, Akakuru OU (2021) Generating organic compounds by retrosynthetic pathway via typical Corey’s synthesis. World News Nat Sciences:88–98

  • Onyekuru SO, Iwuagwu JC, Ulasi AA, Ibeneme SI, Ukaonu C, Okoli AE, Akakuru OC (2021) Calibration of petrophysical evaluation results of clastic reservoirs using core data, in the offshore depobelt, Niger Delta. Modeling Earth Syst Environ. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-021-01285-3

  • Opara AI, Akaolisa CCZ, Akakuru OC, Nkwoada AU, Ibe FC, Verla AW, Chukwuemeka IC (2021) Particulate matter exposure and non-cancerous inhalation health risk assessment of major dumpsites of Owerri metropolis, Nigeria. Environ Anal Health Toxicol. https://doi.org/10.5620/eaht.2021025

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Opara AI, Edward O-OI, Eyankware MO, Akakuru OC, Oli IC Udeh HM (2022) Use of geo-electric data in the determination of groundwater potentials and vulnerability mapping in the southern Benue trough Nigeria. Int J Environ Sci Technol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-022-04485-1

  • Osipova NA, Kate AF, Anna VT, Egor GY (2016) Geochemicalapproach to human health risk assessment of inhaled trace elements in the vicinity of industrial Enterprises in Tomsk, Russia. Human Ecol Risk Assess An Int J 21(6):1664–1685

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Qingjie G, Jun D, Yunchuan X, Qingfei W, Liqiang Y (2008) Calculating pollution indices by heavy metals in ecological Geochemistry assessment: a case study in parks of Beijing. J China Univ Geosci 19(3):230–241

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ravish S, Setia B, Deswal S (2018) Groundwater quality in urban and rural areas of north-eastern Haryana (India): a review. ISH (journal of Hydraulic Engineering). https://doi.org/10.1080/09715010.2018.1531070

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ravish S, Setia B, Deswal S (2019) Monitoring of pre and post-monsoon groundwater quality of N-E Haryana region using GIS. Environ Technol. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2019.1619841

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ravish S, Setia B, Deswal S (2020a) Groundwater quality and geochemical signatures northeastern Haryana, India. Arab J Geosci. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-020-06094-z

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ravish S, Setia B, Deswal S (2020b) Hydro-chemical analysis of pre-monsoon groundwater of north-eastern Haryana. Groundw Sustain Dev. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2019.03.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ravish S, Setia B, Deswal S (2020c) Groundwater quality analysis of north-eastern Haryana using multivariate statistical techniques. J Geol Soc India. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12594-020-1450-z

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ravish S, Setia B, Deswal S (2020d) Hydro-chemistry for the analysis of sub-surface water quality in North-Eastern Haryana: a fast-urbanizing region. Adv Intell Syst Comput. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3215-3_1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Riyad A, Abdul Hammed MJA, Fatima HAA (2015) Pollution loads and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in the urban soil affected by various anthropogenic activities. Int J Adv Res 3(2):104–110

    Google Scholar 

  • Sakram G, Adimalla N (2018) Hydrogeochemical characterization and assessment of water suitability for drinking and irrigation in crystalline rocks of Mothkur region, Telangana State, South India. Appl Water Sci 8:143

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sarwar N, Imran M, Shaheen MR, Ishaque W, Kamran MA, Matloob A et al (2017) Phytoremediation strategies for soils contaminated with heavy metals: modifications and future perspectives. Chemosphere 171:710–721. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.12.116

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sehgal M, Garg A, Suresh R, Dagar P (2012) Heavy metal contamination in the Delhi segment of the Yamuna basin. Environ Monit Assess. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-011-2031-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh VK, Singh KP, Mohan D (2005) Status of heavy metals in water and bed sediments of River Gomti—a tributary of the Ganga River, India. Environ Monit Assess 105:43–67

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singha S, Pasupuleti S, Singha SS, Singh R, Kumar S (2021) Prediction of groundwater quality using efficient machine learning technique. Chemosphere 276:130265

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singovszka E, Balintova M, Demcak S, Pavlikova P (2017) Metal pollution indices of bottom sediment and surface water affected by acid mine drainage. Metals 7:284. https://doi.org/10.3390/met7080284

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Suresh G, Sutharsan P, Ramasamy V, Venkatachalapath R (2012) Assessment of spatial distribution and potential ecological risk of the heavy metals in relation to granulometric contents of veeranam lake sediments India. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 84:117–124

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tchounwou PB, Yedjou CG, Patlolla AK, Sutton DJ (2012) Heavy metal toxicity and the environment. Exp Suppl 101:133–164. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7643-8340-4_6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tiwari AK, Ghione R, De Maio M, Lavy M (2017) Evaluation of hydrogeochemical processes and groundwater quality for suitability of drinking and irrigation purposes: a case study in the Aosta Valley region, Italy. Arab J Geosci 10:264

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Urom OO, Opara AI, Usen OS et al (2021) Electro-geohydraulic estimation of shallow aquifers of Owerri and environs, Southeastern Nigeria using multiple empirical resistivity equations. Int J Energy Water Res. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42108-021-00122-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • USEPA (1989) Risk assessment guidance for superfund volume i human health evaluation manual (Part A). EPA/540/1–89/002. Office of Emergency and Remedial Response; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Washington, DC. Available from http://www.epa.gov/oswer/riskassessment/ragsa/pdf/rags-vol1-pta_complete.pdf

  • Usman AO, Iheme KO, Chinwuko AI, Azuoko G, Akakuru OC (2022) Hydro-geophysical investigation of groundwater resources within Abakaliki, lower Benue trough, Nigeria. COOU Journal of Physical Sciences 5(1):473–491

    Google Scholar 

  • Yahaya SM, Abubakar F, Abdu N (2021) Ecological risk assessment of heavy metal contaminated soils of selected villages in Zamfara State, Nigeria. SN Appl Sci 3:168. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-021-04175-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang T, Chen J, Li X, Wu T, Hu Z, Wang S (2019) Ecological risk by heavy metal contents in sediments within the Wei River Basin China. Environ Earth Sci 78:101. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-019-8080-z

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu S, Hrnjica B, Ptak M, Choiński A, Sivakumar B (2020) Forecasting of water level in multiple temperate lakes using machine learning models. J Hydrol 585:124819

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria

    Obinna Chigoziem Akakuru

  2. Department of Geology, Dennis Osadabey University, Asaba, Anwai Delta State, Nigeria

    Moses Oghenenyoreme Eyankware

  3. Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada

    Ozioma Udochukwu Akakuru

  4. Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria

    Amarachi Udoka Nkwoada

  5. Department of Life Science Education, Imo State University, Owerri, Nigeria

    Victoria Chinwendu Agunanne

Authors
  1. Obinna Chigoziem Akakuru
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Moses Oghenenyoreme Eyankware
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ozioma Udochukwu Akakuru
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Amarachi Udoka Nkwoada
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Victoria Chinwendu Agunanne
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Obinna Chigoziem Akakuru.

Ethics declarations

Ethical approval

As per the literature review, this is neither a repetition of any work nor copied key data from others’ work. The methodology, findings, and conclusions made here belong to original research work as per our knowledge and belief.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

This research work is carried out in compliance with transparency, moral values, honesty, and hard work. No human participation or animals are involved in this research work.

Informed consent

Every step of processing for publication is informed to all co-authors of this paper at the earliest, and everything is carried out with collective decision and consent.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Responsible Editor: Broder J. Merkel

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Akakuru, O.C., Eyankware, M.O., Akakuru, O.U. et al. Quantification of contamination, ecological risk index, and health risk assessment of groundwater using artificial neural network and multi-linear regression modeling approaches within Egbema, Nigeria. Arab J Geosci 16, 507 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-023-11600-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-023-11600-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation