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Hydrogeochemical approach in the assessment of coastal aquifer for domestic, industrial, and agricultural utilities in Port Harcourt urban, Southern Nigeria

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Abstract

The study focuses on the assessment of coastal aquifers in the selected part of Port Harcourt, Nigeria for drinking, industrial, and irrigation use. For this study, a total of 18 groundwater samples were collected from the borehole for physicochemical analysis following the APHA set standard. Results obtained from physicochemical analysis were compared to the WHO and USEPA set limits to determine the suitability of groundwater for domestic use. Collin’s Ratio and Corrosivity Ratio was used to determine the suitability of groundwater for industrial use, while irrigation indices were used to determine the suitability of groundwater for irrigation use. Findings from the study revealed that pH, TDS, EC, Mg2+, Na+, NO3¯, Ca2+, Cl¯, and SO42¯ were below the WHO and USEPA set limits. The values of K+ at some sample locations were above the permissible limit set by WHO. Hence, groundwater at such sampling points was considered unsafe for domestic use. Findings obtained from the assessment of groundwater for industrial use revealed that 91% of groundwater is considered suitable for industrial use, while 9% is considered to be fairly suitable for industrial use. Further findings from Collin’s ratio revealed that 4% of groundwater was considered suitable for drinking, while 3% is considered to show a trace of saline water intrusion, and about 97% is considered to be injurious to human health. According to the irrigation indices estimated values, 72% of groundwater is suitable for irrigation, while 28% is considered to be fair to unsuitable. The plot of TDS against TH revealed that groundwater within the study area fell within the very hard, freshwater category. Results from this study suggest that groundwater is considered to be good for domestic, industrial, and irrigation purposes at various sampling points. It is advised that frequent monitoring of groundwater quality should be carried out from time to time to avoid a decline in groundwater quality.

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The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments and suggestions towards improving the quality of the manuscript. We are thankful to the owners of the borehole who permitted us to fetch water for sampling. The first author is grateful to Professor A.O.I. Selemo for his encouragement and mentorship.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria

    M. O. Eyankware

  2. Geomoses Consultancy Limited, Warri, Delta State, Nigeria

    M. O. Eyankware

  3. Department of Geology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria

    O. C. Akakuru

  4. Department of Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nigeria Maritime University, Okerenkoko, Nigeria

    R. O. E. Ulakpa

  5. Department of Petroleum and Gas Engineering, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria

    E. O. Eyankware

  6. TegaFej Consulting Services, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria

    E. O. Eyankware

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All the authors contributed to the study’s conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by MOE, OC, RO EU, and EOE. The first draft of the manuscript was written by MOE and all the authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All the authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Eyankware, M.O., Akakuru, O.C., Ulakpa, R.O.E. et al. Hydrogeochemical approach in the assessment of coastal aquifer for domestic, industrial, and agricultural utilities in Port Harcourt urban, Southern Nigeria. Int J Energ Water Res 7, 401–419 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42108-022-00184-2

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