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Oceanic anoxic events in the Earth’s geological history and signature of such event in the Paleocene-Eocene Himalayan foreland basin sediment records of NW Himalaya, India

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Abstract

Oceanic anoxic events (OAEs) represent changes in global carbon cycle as well as biogeochemical cycles and are robust recorders of major changes brought in the ocean-atmosphere system of the Earth. In the present study, a comprehensive compilation of well-documented OAEs in the Earth’s geological history indicates that compared to the plethora of OAE studies in different parts of the world, the Indian part lacks sufficient such geological studies. Also, it has been observed that despite the variety of causes referred by researchers for the occurrence of OAEs based on various geological proxies, their development tends to cluster in particular periods having unique geological settings under specific climate conditions of the Earth. OAEs usually coincided with Earth’s greenhouse condition and in marine to shallow marine depositional settings, which have been associated with rapid alternating phases of transgression and regression. The Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum (PETM) at the Paleocene-Eocene boundary comprises the last OAE of the Phanerozoic Eon and the only identified OAE in the Cenozoic. The deposition of Himalayan foreland basin sediments during Paleocene-Eocene time coincides with the India-Eurasia collision and PETM. Characteristic litho sections of Paleocene-Eocene HFB shallow marine sediments represented by the Subathu Formation occur in and around the Jammu region (of the Ramngar sub-basin) and Simla region (of the Subathu sub-basin) of NW Himalaya (India) and have been explored for OAE records. Besides the fact that deposition of these sediments coincides with PETM, there are many other reasons which suggest possible representation of these as records of OAE. For example, these sediments show OAE specific sedimentary and biostratigraphic facies associations which are characteristic of alternating transgressive-regressive successions. The base of these early HFB sediments consists of sideritic ironstone, phosphorite, and black shale association indicating commencement of basinal sedimentation under euxinic, shallow marine conditions. Though these Paleocene-Eocene HFB sediments comprising dominantly black to gray-green shales are regionally extensive, however, these occur in discontinuous patches all along the HFB and also greatly vary in thickness due to the tectonic complexity of the Himalayan region.

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Acknowledgements

We thank the Department of Geology (Panjab University, Chandigarh, India) and the Department of Petroleum Engineering and Earth Sciences (University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, India) for providing necessary facilities. The first author is grateful to mentors/doctorate supervisors (Seema Singh and Uday Bhan) and Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (India) for providing the research fellowship, grant no. 09/135(0732)/2015EMR-1. We greatly appreciate and thank the Editor, one anonymous reviewer, and another reviewer, Prof. Soumyajit Mukherjee (IIT Bombay) for their constructive comments and suggestions that helped improve this article.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India

    Bhart Singh & Seema Singh

  2. Department of Petroleum Engineering and Earth Sciences, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, 248007, India

    Uday Bhan

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  1. Bhart Singh
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  2. Seema Singh
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  3. Uday Bhan
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Correspondence to Seema Singh.

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Responsible Editor: Attila Ciner

Supplementary information

Supplementary Figure 1:

Volcanic greenhouse scenario as shown through the flow chart, wherein chain of environmental events is shown due to eruption of large igneous provinces (details in Wignall, 2005). (PNG 303 kb)

High Resolution Image (TIF 2558 kb)

Supplementary Figure 2:

Plot showing volcanic and impact events versus mass extinction intensity and oceanic anoxic events during Cretaceous time. There is good correlation between large igneous provinces and OAE 1a, 1b, 1c, 1d, OAE 2, OAE 3 (details in Courtillot, 1999). (PNG 345 kb)

High Resolution Image (TIF 2765 kb)

Supplementary Figure 3:

Correlation between oceanic anoxic events (OAEs) and mass extinctions/ impacts/ large igneous provinces during during Cretaceous time (details in Keller, 2005 and references therein). (PNG 418 kb)

High Resolution Image (TIF 1749 kb)

Supplementary Figure 4:

Globally well-established OAEs and corresponding record of global sea level changes during mid-Cretaceous time (modified from Leckie et al. 2002). (PNG 140 kb)

High Resolution Image (TIF 894 kb)

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Singh, B., Singh, S. & Bhan, U. Oceanic anoxic events in the Earth’s geological history and signature of such event in the Paleocene-Eocene Himalayan foreland basin sediment records of NW Himalaya, India. Arab J Geosci 15, 317 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-021-09180-y

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-021-09180-y

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