Zusammenfassung
Während der OberstenP. gigas-Zone (=P. linguiformis-Zone) kulminiert das stufenweise Erlöschen der Frasne Organismen im globalen transgressiv-regressiven »Kellwasser-Ereignis«, das die Frasne-Famenne-Grenze markiert. Die meisten Organismengruppen der tropischen Meere werden mehr oder weniger von dem Massensterben betroffen. Während des tiefen Oberdevons sind die Aussterberaten offensichtlich mit der Ablagerung von Schwarzschiefern verknüpft, in denen eine große Menge organischen Kohlenstoffs auf den Schelfen fixiert wird. Gleichzeitige positive Exkursionen der δ13C-Kurven, die in pelagischen Kalken aus Europa und Australien gemessen wurden, deuten auf eine weltweite Änderung der CO2-Gehalte des ozeanischen Oberflächenwassers und der Atmosphäre hin.
Sollte das Klima vom CO2 in der Atmosphäre gesteuert werden, könnte sich folgender Autozyklus entwickelt haben: Transgression — hohe organische Produktion — Ablagerung von organischem Kohlenstoff — Erniedrigung des CO2-Gehaltes in der Atmosphäre — Abkühlung — polare Vereisung-Regression — Erosion und Oxidation von organischem Kohlenstoff — Erhöhung des CO2-Gehaltes in der Atmosphäre — Treibhauseffekt — Abschmelzen der polaren Vereisung — Transgression. Aufsteigende anoxische Wässer beim Übergang vom Treibhaus- zum »Kühlhauseffekt« dürften eine der Ursachen für das Massensterben tropischer mariner Organismen gewesen sein.
Abstract
During the UppermostP. gigas conodont zone (P. linguiformis zone) the stepwise Frasnian extinction culminates in the global transgressive-regressive Frasnian-Famennian »Kellwasser event«. Most pelagic organisms of the tropical marine environment are more or less affected by this mass extinction. During the early Upper Devonian extinction rates are clearly related to the deposition of black shales and the storage of a great amount of organic carbon in the (shelf) sediments. Contemporaneous positive excursions of the δ13C recorded from pelagic limestones of Europe and Australia prove a worldwide change in the CO2 content of the oceans surface water which is in balance with the atmosphere. If the climate is controlled by the CO2 content of the atmosphere, a cyclic operation process might have developed with the succession: transgression — high organic production — deposition of organic carbon — lowering of CO2 in the atmosphere — icehouse effect — polar glaciation — regression — erosion of organic carbon and re-supply of CO2 to the ocean and atmosphere — greenhouse effect — deglaciation — transgression. During the change from a greenhouse to an icehouse effect an overturn of the anoxic oceans probably was one of the causes for the mass killing of low latitude marine organisms.
Résumé
Au cours de la partie supérieure de la zone de conodontes àP. gigas (= zone àP. linguiformis), l'extinction progressive des organismes frasniens a culminé au moment de l'événement de Kellwasser, marqué par une transgression-régression globale à la limite Frasnien-Famennien. La plupart des organismes pélagiques des milieux marins tropicaux ont été affectés à des degrés divers par cette extinction de masse. Pendant le début du Dévonien supérieur, les taux d'extinction sont clairement en relation avec le dépôt de boues noires et le stockage d'une grande quantité de matière organique dans les sédiments de shelf. Simultanément, des variations positives de δ13C enregistrées dans des calcaires pélagiques d'Europe et d'Australie indiquent un changement modial de la teneur en CO2 de l'eau de surface des océans et de l'atmosphère.
Si on admet que le climat est régi par la teneur en CO2 de l'atmosphère, le processus cyclique suivant a pu se développer: transgression — forte production organique — dépôt de carbone organique — baisse de la teneur en CO2 de l'atmosphère — refroidissement — glaciation polaire — régression — érosion et oxydation du carbone organique — élévation de la teneur en CO2 de l'atmosphère — effet de serre — fusion des glaces polaires — transgression. Lors du passage du stade de l'effet de serre à celui du refroidissement, une remontée des eaux anoxiques océaniques peut être à l'origine de l'extinction de masse des organismes marins tropicaux.
Краткое содержание
Кульминационный пун кт вымирания организ мов франского яруса, прот екавшее ступенчато, совпадает с верхней з оной P. gigas, когда в глобальном масштабе разигралось трансгрессивно-регр ессивное событие Kellwasser, отмечающее границу франского и ф аменского ярусов. Это вымирание затрон уло в большей или мень шей степени большинство групп организмов тропических морей. Ск орость вымирания во время отложения нижн их горизонтов верхне го девона отмечена отло жениями на шельфах черных сланцев, связы вающих большие колич ества органического С. Одно временно имело место и смещение крив ой значений δ13С в поло жительный интервал, установлен ное в пелагических известняках Европы и Австралии, что указывает на значите льные изменения соде ржания СО2 в поверхностных в одах океана, а также и в атмосфере. Если кли мат действительно зависит от содержани я СО2 в атмосфере, то можно составить сл едующий цикл: трансгрессия—повыш енная продукция органичес кого вещества—отложение Сopr.-понижение содержа ния СО2 в атмосфере — охла ждение—оледенение полюсов — регрессия — эрозия и окисление органичес кого С — повышение сод ержания СО2 в атмосфере — парн иковый эффект- таяние ледников на по люсах — трансгрессия. Уменьшение содержан ия кислорода в водах при переходе от парни кового эффекта к эффекту »холодильни ка« могло послужить причиной массового в ымирания морских орг анизмов в тропических морях.
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Buggisch, W. The global Frasnian-Famennian »Kellwasser Event«. Geol Rundsch 80, 49–72 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01828767
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01828767