Introduction

In the next decades, progressive growth in the number of older persons (≥65 years) is expected. According to data from the United Nations, one in four persons in Europe and Northern America is expected to be ≥65 years old by 2050 [1]. As a result of population ageing, the number of older and frail persons with cardiovascular disease (CVD) is increasing. When treating CVD in older patients, physicians will face dilemmas due to comorbidities, polypharmacy, cognitive impairment and limited life expectancy. Scientific data on CVD in older persons with comorbidities are relatively scarce. Results from a younger trial population cannot be extrapolated to older patients. Hence, we are missing specific recommendations for older and frail CVD patients, where there is a growing need for evidence-based practice in this growing population to address the risk/benefit decisions we face in our daily practice. Although the terms frail and frailty are widely used in scientific studies there is no international consensus on definition or screening instrument [2]. Because the elderly are a very heterogeneous population reaching any such consensus can be quite difficult. Moreover, there is a variety of established screening instruments based on either functional status (Clinical Frailty Scale) or phenotype (Fried Frailty Phenotype Criteria) [3, 4]. Furthermore, other screening instruments such as PRISMA‑7 (brief auto-questionnaire) maybe useful [5]. However, none of these scales are mentioned in the guidelines.

The older patient is increasingly addressed in recent international guidelines and additional efforts are made by dedicated working groups. The European Society of Cardiology (ESC) has recently launched the ‘Task Force on Geriatric Cardiology’. Furthermore, specific guidelines and recommendations for geriatric cardiology have been published in Brazil and Spain recently [6, 7]. In addition, recommendations on shared decision making (SDM), palliative care and advanced care planning are essential. Older patients with multiple chronic conditions might have other goals and expectations of care and treatment than younger patients. Therefore, SDM is recommended for the integration of preferences and values of patients. All ESC guidelines briefly mention the individual responsibility of health professionals to make a final decision concerning the individual patient by facilitating consultation with the patient and caregiver in the ‘preamble’. Also, more and more guidelines contain additional recommendations about SDM in specific subchapters. To guarantee the best possible quality of life in end stages of cardiovascular disease, knowledge about palliative care is needed. Implementation of advance care planning is necessary to determine the overall goal of medical care and the interventions that should and should not be provided in the final stages of life.

In this article, we evaluate the current ESC guidelines (2013–2020) to determine whether they include specific recommendations for older patients.

Recommendations for the older population in the ESC guidelines

Due to the limited length and readability of this manuscript we focussed on the most commonly used guidelines in clinical practice. We do provide a table (Tab. 1) that displays all the current ESC guidelines except “Management of CVD during pregnancy (2018)” [8]. This table provides information on whether the guidelines contain specific recommendations for older CVD patients. In the more recent (<5 years) guidelines older patients gained notably more attention compared with older guidelines.

Table 1 ESC guidelines and specific recommendations for older patients
Full size table

Atrial fibrillation

The ESC atrial fibrillation (AF) guideline is a recent guideline with specific recommendations for older patients [9]. It addresses the evidence for the use of oral anticoagulation (OAC) and non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant (NOAC) in this population. Observational studies report a protective role of OAC in the prevention of cognitive impairment in AF patients, with ongoing RCTs on this subject. The guideline also reviews the insufficient evidence for rate versus rhythm control in older patients. Systematic ECG screening should be considered to detect AF in individuals ≥75 years or in those at high risk of stroke. Opportunistic screening of AF in older persons is briefly mentioned and seems cost-effective. Recommendations on patient involvement and shared decision making are provided.

Arterial hypertension

The guideline on arterial hypertension provides a full chapter dedicated to hypertension in older patients (≥65 years) [10]. It mentions the evidence for antihypertensive treatment in older (≥65 years) and very old patients (≥80 years), with significant reduction of cardiovascular morbidity and all-cause mortality. Furthermore, the difficulty of treating hypertension in older patients is addressed. Recommendations for initiating antihypertensive treatment in older and very old patients and target blood pressures are provided. The guideline suggests close monitoring of antihypertensive therapy and its side effects for this specific population. There is a lack of evidence for treatment of frail, functionally dependent older patients and those with orthostatic hypotension (the definition of frail or frailty is not provided). A subchapter mentions the evidence for treatment of grade 1 hypertension in older patients, although this was studied in a relatively fit, independent older population. In the section ‘Gaps in the evidence and need for further studies’ it states that more data on the benefits of blood pressure treatment in very old patients and the impact of frailty are required.

Pacing and cardiac resynchronisation therapy

The ESC guideline on cardiac pacing and cardiac resynchronisation therapy dates from 2013 [11]. Although pacemaker implantation occurs more frequently in the older population [12], specific recommendations for this population are lacking.

Chronic coronary syndrome/acute coronary syndrome

The guideline on chronic coronary syndromes (CCS) provides a subchapter on older patients [13]. It discusses the high incidence and prevalence of coronary artery disease in older persons with the often atypical presentation and difficulties of treatment in this population. A table with recommendations for older patients with CCS is provided. The aspect of shared decision making has been identified as key in deciding between revascularisation and conservative treatment.

The recent non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome guideline recommends using the same diagnostic and interventional strategies for older patients as are being used for younger patients [14]. In frail elderly, a careful risk assessment should guide the decision for interventional versus conservative treatment. Furthermore, the use of antithrombotic agents and secondary prevention should be adapted to renal function and specific contraindications.

The guideline for ST-elevation myocardial infarction states that there is no upper limit of age for performing primary percutaneous coronary intervention [15].

Heart failure

The heart failure (HF) guideline addresses the difficulty of diagnosing HF, specifically HF with preserved ejection fraction, in older patients with comorbidities [16]. Concerning HF medication, digitalis should be used with caution in older patients, especially in case of renal disease. Co-existing problems in the HF population are reviewed. Because frailty has implications for HF management, the guideline provides screening instruments for frailty in HF. Specific recommendations for elderly are provided, such as monitoring frailty, identifying reversible causes of deterioration in frailty score, and performing a medication review. Essential components of palliative care service are provided, including advance care planning. Furthermore, the guideline lists key topics on shared decision making, patient education and self-care.

In 2019, an ESC position paper on frailty in patients with HF was published [2]. The main goals were identifying a consensus definition of frailty, highlighting the importance of assessment of frailty and exploring the main domains of the Heart Failure Association Frailty Score (HFA frailty score). This score is specifically designed and validated to identify frailty in the HF population. The authors state that a routine assessment for frailty in HF patients should be used.

An additional ESC position paper on palliative care in HF was published in 2020 [17]. Five main recommendations and goals were provided regarding in whom, by whom and how palliative care should be delivered.

Valvular heart disease

The guideline for valvular heart disease provides a subchapter about considerations in older patients [18]. Assessment of frailty is a key component as frailty is associated with increased morbidity and mortality after surgery and transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). Euro SCORE II is primarily used for risk stratification. The decision for surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) versus TAVR in patients with symptomatic aortic stenosis is evaluated with specific considerations for the Heart Team. In older patients with symptomatic mitral stenosis and high surgical risk, percutaneous mitral commissurotomy is advised, even if only in palliative setting. In this guideline, shared decision making or patient involvement are only mentioned briefly.

Diabetes mellitus and dyslipidaemia

The recent diabetes guideline provides a short paragraph on less strict Hb1AC goals in older patients (≥65 year) with certain characteristics [19]. Recommendations on SDM are mentioned. The dyslipidaemia guideline contains a chapter dedicated to older patients [20]. Recommendations about primary prevention and adverse effects and interaction of statins are presented. Furthermore, the risk of statin-induced myopathy is increased in the older persons.

Discussion and conclusion

The ESC guidelines in general provide limited recommendations for older patients, which is probably attributable to the limited evidence concerning diagnosis and treatment of CVD in older patients. However, older patients are increasingly addressed in more recently published guidelines. If recommendations are available often a definition of older patients is lacking. When mentioned, the definition is usually ≥65 years. Patients ≥65 years are currently represented in clinical trials, but beyond the age of 75 years data are often lacking. We think that it would be useful to provide specific recommendations for patients ≥65 years and ≥75 years in the guidelines. Due to the heterogeneity of the older population it might be wise to provide recommendations for specific subgroups of older patients, such as those with and without significant comorbidity or frailty, instead of recommendations for older persons in general. These recommendations should also include the impact of shared decision making, palliative care and advance care planning.

We do believe there is increasing awareness of older patients in clinical trials, conferences and daily practice. Hopefully, this will result in additional recommendations or, eventually, a guideline specifically designed for the older patient with CVD.