Abstract
Rice is the mainstay of food-chain led arsenic (As) toxicity to humans. Mitigating As loading in rice and its risk to human health using soil amendments and prediction models for pre-emptive correction measures are paramount in As-contaminated areas. We, therefore, assessed the effectiveness of 14 amendment regimes involving CaSiO3 (CS), FeSO4 (FS), farmyard manure (FYM), and vermicompost (VC) in curbing As transfer from soil to mouth and its risk to human health by monitoring several factors influencing the processes involved. Tracing the translocation of As from soil to polished rice, FS and its combinations were found as most effective in curbing As loading, and their effect magnified as As moved from soils (27.0%) to polished rice (61.1%). Under FS regimes, average daily intake (ADI) was reduced by half compared with the others (0.71 to 0.81 μg kg−1 BW) and the estimated hazard quotient (HQ) and incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) of cooked rice were 0.65 to 0.45 and 0.20 × 10–3 to 0.61 × 10–3 compared with an alarming level of 1.61 and 1.15 × 10–3 of no amendment regime. Cluster analysis with cost and As mitigating efficiency of the amendments reiterated FS along with organics (FYM/VC) as the best management options for mitigating As poisoning to human caused through paddy-rice system. The prediction model developed and validated for an early detection of As toxicity in human from mid-season shoot As would help producing As-benign rice with pre-emptive remediation measures.
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Acknowledgements
The first author thanks Government of India for providing support under Maulana Azad National Fellowship Scheme (MANF) during her studies for Ph.D. degree. All authors acknowledge the support and cooperation of the farmer at Chakdah, Nadia and State Agricultural University, West Bengal for providing necessary facilities for the work.
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RK had done the field experiments and the laboratory analyses during her Ph.D. program. BM conceptualized the study and finalized the methodologies. PGPSK had done statistical analysis of the data. RK, BM, and PGPSK prepared the first draft. TRC had further reviewed and edited the MS. All authors subsequently added their inputs and improved the MS. BM had done the overall supervision of the entire research study, manuscript revisions and corrections.
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Khanam, R., Kulsum, P.G.P.S., Debnath, S. et al. Impact of Soil Amendment Regimes on Arsenic Exposure to Human Through Rice: Risk Assessment and Prediction for Remediation. Expo Health 15, 355–371 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-022-00495-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-022-00495-z