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Conjugated polymer-mediated synthesis of sulfur- and nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes as efficient anode materials for sodium ion batteries

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Abstract

Heteroatom-doped carbon nanomaterials have attracted significant attention as anode materials for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). Herein, we demonstrate a conjugated polymer-mediated synthesis of sulfur and nitrogen co-doped carbon nanotubes (S/N-CT) via the carbonization of sulfur-containing polyaniline (PANI) nanotubes. It is found that the carbonization technique greatly influences the structural features and thus the Na-storage behavior of the S/N-CT materials. The carbon nanotubes developed using a two-step carbonization process (heating at 400 °C and then at 900 °C) exhibit a high specific surface area, enlarged interlayer distance, small charge transfer resistance, enhanced reaction kinetics, as well as a large number of defects and active sites; further, they exhibit a high reversible capacity of 340 mAh·g–1 at 0.1 A·g–1 and a remarkable cycling stability with a capacity of 141 mAh·g–1 at 5 A·g–1 (94% retention after 3,000 cycles). Direct carbonization of conjugated polymers with a specific morphology is an eco-friendly and low-cost technique for the synthesis of dual atom-doped carbon nanomaterials for application in energy devices. However, the carbonization process should be carefully controlled in order to better tune the structure–property relationship.

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Acknowledgements

We thank the financial support from National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 21471039, 21571043, and 21671047), Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (PIRS of HIT A201502 and HIT. BRETIII. 201223), China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No. 2014M560253), Postdoctoral Scientific Research Fund of Heilongjiang Province (Nos. LBH-Q14062 and LBH-Z14076), Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province (No. B2015001), and Youth Innovation Promotion Association of CAS (No. 2015316).

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  1. MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China

    Yanzhen He, Xijiang Han, Yunchen Du, Bo Song, Bin Zhang & Ping Xu

  2. Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China

    Wei Zhang

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  1. Yanzhen He
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Correspondence to Xijiang Han, Wei Zhang or Ping Xu.

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Conjugated polymer-mediated synthesis of sulfur- and nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes as efficient anode materials for sodium ion batteries

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He, Y., Han, X., Du, Y. et al. Conjugated polymer-mediated synthesis of sulfur- and nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes as efficient anode materials for sodium ion batteries. Nano Res. 11, 2573–2585 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-017-1882-y

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