Abstract
The asymmetrical distribution of the cellular organelles inside the cell is maintained by a group of cell polarity proteins. The maintenance of polarity is one of the vital host defense mechanisms against pathogens, and the loss of it contributes to infection facilitation and cancer progression. Studies have suggested that infection of viruses and bacteria alters cell polarity. Helicobacter pylori and Epstein-Barr virus are group I carcinogens involved in the progression of multiple clinical conditions besides gastric cancer (GC) and Burkitt’s lymphoma, respectively. Moreover, the coinfection of both these pathogens contributes to a highly aggressive form of GC. H. pylori and EBV target the host cell polarity complexes for their pathogenesis. H. pylori–associated proteins like CagA, VacA OipA, and urease were shown to imbalance the cellular homeostasis by altering the cell polarity. Similarly, EBV-associated genes LMP1, LMP2A, LMP2B, EBNA3C, and EBNA1 also contribute to altered cell asymmetry. This review summarized all the possible mechanisms involved in cell polarity deformation in H. pylori and EBV-infected epithelial cells. We have also discussed deregulated molecular pathways like NF-κB, TGF-β/SMAD, and β-catenin in H. pylori, EBV, and their coinfection that further modulate PAR, SCRIB, or CRB polarity complexes in epithelial cells.
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Acknowledgements
We acknowledge the Indian Institute of Technology Indore for providing facilities and support. We appreciate our lab colleagues for their insightful discussions and advice. We are thankful to Ms. Anuska Mukherjee and Madurima Kole for their help in literature search. We also thank the University Grants Commission Govt. of India for the fellowship to Budhadev Baral and Ministry of Education Govt. of India (PMRF) for fellowship to Meenakshi Kandpal.
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We acknowledge the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Department of Science and Technology, and the Indian Council of Medical research Govt. of India for the funding. Funders have no role in the preparation of the manuscript.
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Conceptualization: Hem Chandra Jha and Budhadev Baral, literature search: Budhadev Baral, Meenakshi Kandpal, Anushka Ray, and Ankit Jana, writing-original draft preparation: Budhadev Baral, Anushka Ray, and Ankit Jana, writing-review and editing: Budhadev Baral, Dhirendra Singh Yadav, Kumar Sachin, Amit Mishra, and Mirza S. Baig, writing-preparation of figures: Budhadev Baral, Meenakshi Kandpal, Anushka Ray, and Ankit Jana, validation: Dhirendra Singh Yadav, Kumar Sachin, Amit Mishra, and Mirza S. Baig, supervision: Hem Chandra Jha.
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Baral, B., Kandpal, M., Ray, A. et al. Helicobacter pylori and Epstein-Barr virus infection in cell polarity alterations. Folia Microbiol 69, 41–57 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12223-023-01091-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12223-023-01091-7