Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Natural Fiber Reinforced Unsaturated Polyester Resin Filled with Bio-based Calcium Carbonate: Preparation and Examination

  • Published:
Fibers and Polymers Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Both the chicken eggshell (ES) and rice husk (RH) represent environmental, and pollution issues. Incorporating both of them, with minimum processing procedures, in various useful applications is a major contribution in solving such problems. In this research, unsaturated polyester (UP) was doped with different percentages (5–25 wt.%) of fine (ES) to form one (UP-ES) composite system. The (UP-ES) system was reinforced with a fixed 10 wt.% of (RH), which represents an agricultural waste produced in tonnage, to fabricate the second system. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis emerged that the (ES) is forming from calcium carbonate (CaCO3) resembling typically the mineral one. The addition of (ES) enhanced both the mechanical characteristics of (UP) resin in terms of tensile strength, elongation %, tensile modulus, impact strength, flexural strength from 26.33 to 33.77 MPa, from 3.30 to 3.60 MPa, from 2000 to 2406.67 MPa, from 1.25 to 2.42 kJ/m2, from 64.93 to 75.07 MPa, and the thermal stability from 335.75 to 346.24 °C, respectively. This inclusion of (ES) also promoted both the limiting oxygen index (LOI) and dielectric constant (εr) of (UP) from 17.25 to 23.50 % and from 6.76 to 11.02, respectively. The addition of (RH) to (ES-UP) composite, generally, gave the same attitude for the properties like what in the (ES-UP) system other than the remarkable extra-increase in the (εr). Also, (RH) elevated the water absorption (%) of (ES-UP) composite by the action of its hydrophilic nature. It is concluded that the incorporation of both (ES) and (RH) reduces the final cost of the composite and solves one of the great environmental disposal issues.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. P. Totiger, M. Gothe, S. Nagavi, and R. Mulimani, Int. J. Res. Eng. Technol., 4, 300 (2015).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. S. Sathiyamurthy, A. Thaheer, and S. Jayabal, Indian J. Fibre Text. Res., 38, 81 (2013).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. K. P. Kumar and A. S. J. Sekaran, J. Reinf. Plast. Compos., 33, 1879 (2014).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. A. Chauhan, P. Chauhan, and B. Kaith, J. Chem. Engineer. Process. Technol., 3, 10001323 (2012).

    Google Scholar 

  5. P. K. Mallick, “Fiber Reinforced Composites: Materials, Manufacturing and Design”, 2nd ed., Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  6. A. K. Rout and A. Satapathy, Mater. Des., 41, 131 (2012).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. B. J. Saradava, N. V. Rachchh, R. K. Misra, and D. G. Roychowdhary, J. Inf. Knowl. Res. Mech. Eng., 2, 472 (2013).

    Google Scholar 

  8. P. Toro, R. Quijada, M. Yazdani-Pedram, and J. L. Arias, Mater. Lett., 61, 4347 (2007).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. M. Pettinato, S. Chakraborty, H. A. Arafat, and V. Calabro’, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 121, 57 (2015).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. M. Mohammadi, P. Lahijani, and A. R. Mohamed, Chem. Eng. J, 243, 455 (2014).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. A. Laca, A. Laca, and M. Díaz, J. Environ. Manage., 197, 351 (2017).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. H. Duan, L. Zhang, J. Wang, and X. Yang, J. Wuhan Univ. Technol. Mater. Sci. Ed., 23, 460 (2008).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. J. K. Fink, “Reactive Polymers: Fundamentals and Applications, A Concise Guide to Industrial Polymers”, 3rd ed., Elsevier, Oxford, 2017.

    Google Scholar 

  14. R. Malkapuram, V. Kumar, and Y. Singh Negi, J. Reinf. Plast. Compos., 28, 1169 (2009).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. M. J. John and S. Thomas, Carbohydr. Polym., 71, 343 (2008).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. A. K. Bledzki, V. E. Sperber, and O. Faruk, “Natural and Wood Fibre Reinforcement in Polymers”, Vol. 13, iSmithers Rapra Publishing, United Kingdom, 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  17. C. He, J. Liu, P. Xue, and H. Gu, Adv. Mat. Res., 217–218, 347 (2011).

    Google Scholar 

  18. B. S. Ndazi, S. Karlsson, J. V. Tesha, and C. W. Nyahumwa, Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf., 38, 925 (2007).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. S. Arora, M. Kumar, and M. Kumar, J. Reinf. Plast. Compos., 31, 85 (2012).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. H.-S. Kim, B.-H. Lee, S.-W. Choi, S. Kim, and H.-J. Kim, Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf., 38, 1473 (2007).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. A. Mishra and D. Padhee, J. Mech. Civil Eng., 14, 91 (2017).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. W. O. Ondiek, H. T. Ngetha, J. N. Keraita, and J. B. Byiringiro, Int. J. Compos. Mater., 8, 105 (2018).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Z. Xu, Z. Chu, L. Yan, H. Chen, H. Jia, and W. Tang, Polym. Compos., 40, 2712 (2019).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. T. P. Cunha, F. B. Siqueira, and J. N. F. Holanda, Mater. Res., 22, e20180865 (2019).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. I. García-Moreno, M. Á. Caminero, G. P. Rodríguez, and J. J. López-Cela, Polymers, 11, 80 (2019).

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. D. W. van Krevelen and K. te Nijenhuis, “Properties of Polymers: Their Correlation with Chemical Structure; Their Numerical Estimation and Prediction from Additive Group Contributions”, Elsevier, New York, 2009.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  27. H. H. Xin, “A Project Report Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Award of Bachelor of Engineering (Hons.)”, Petrochemical Engineering, (FEGT), UTAR, 2016.

  28. K. Mustapha, R. Ayinla, A. S. Ottan, and T. A. Owoseni, MRS Adv., 5, 2783 (2020).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. S. Owuamanam and D. Cree, J. Compos. Sci., 4, 70 (2020).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. R. Dweiri, Mater. Res., doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-5373-MR-2021-0078 (2021).

  31. N. A. N. Azman, M. R. Islam, M. Parimalam, N. M. Rashidi, and M. Mupit, Polym. Bull., 77, 805 (2020).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. G. M. S. Rahman, H. Aftab, M. S. Islam, M. Z. B. Mukhlish, and F. Ali, Fiber. Polym., 17, 59 (2016).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. R. N. Farahana, A. G. Supri, and P. L. Teh, J. Adv. Res. Mater. Sci., 5, 1 (2015).

    Google Scholar 

  34. S. Shuhadah and A. G. Supri, J. Phys. Sci., 20, 87 (2009).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. R. A. Nasif, IJAP, 11, 25 (2015).

    Google Scholar 

  36. P. Hirematha, M. Shettara, G. Shankar, M. Ca, and N. S. Mohan, Mater. Today: Proc., 5, 3014 (2018).

    Google Scholar 

  37. B. Dholakiya in “Polyester” (H. M. Saleh), InTech, 2012.

  38. M. C. Yew, N. H. Ramli Sulong, M. K. Yew, M. A. Amalina, and M. R. Johan, Sci. World J., doi: https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/805094 (2014).

  39. I. Ahmad, D. R. Abu Bakar, S. N. Mokhilas, and A. Ramli, AJSTD, 22, 345 (2005).

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Material Science, Institute of Graduate Studies and Researches, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21526, Egypt

    Ahmed Mohamed Sharaf, Eslam Syala, Salah F. Abdellah Ali & E. El-Rafey

  2. Petrochemicals Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Pharos University, Alexandria, 21311, Egypt

    Abbas Anwar Ezzat

  3. Chemistry Department, College of Science and Arts, Al-Jouf University, Sakaka, 2014, Saudi Arabia

    Salah F. Abdellah Ali

Authors
  1. Ahmed Mohamed Sharaf
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Eslam Syala
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Abbas Anwar Ezzat
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Salah F. Abdellah Ali
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. E. El-Rafey
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Eslam Syala.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Sharaf, A.M., Syala, E., Ezzat, A.A. et al. Natural Fiber Reinforced Unsaturated Polyester Resin Filled with Bio-based Calcium Carbonate: Preparation and Examination. Fibers Polym 23, 1366–1377 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12221-022-4460-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12221-022-4460-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation