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Far-IR/THz spectral characterization of the coherent synchrotron radiation emission at diamond IR beamline B22

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Abstract

Diamond is the new UK 3rd generation light source that opened to users since 2007 and now allocates more than 22 operational beamlines. Beamline B22 is dedicated to Infrared microspectroscopy and started operations in December 2009. By exploiting the Diamond SR source brightness it is optimized for mid-IR (2–25 μm wavelength) absorption spectroscopy, for fingerprint microprobe analysis and imaging mostly in Life Sciences but also Materials Sciences and Cultural Heritage. Vibrational spectroscopy analysis on condensed matter and material sciences can be performed at B22 by means of Fourier transform IR interferometry in a broader range from the visible up to the so-called THz region. Due to the uniquely wide B22 front end design (30 × 50 mrad2 angle and about 32 mm vacuum vessel internal height), the IR beamline B22 operational range spans across the far-IR/THz region, with effective performances tested up to 2 mm wavelength or, equivalently, well below 0.15 THz (FE cut off ~4 mm wavelength). Especially in low-alpha mode of operation of Diamond, by compressing the e− bunch length to a few millimeters coherent SR emission can be stimulated at comparable wavelengths. In the far-IR, a dramatic intensity increase can be observed at Diamond even at only a few μA of circulating current. A summary of the first performances so far achieved in the Far-IR/THz on the IR beamline B22 is here reported for what concerns the CSR emission at Diamond; this is for the storage ring running in dedicated low-alpha mode both in a stable configuration, as well as in the so-called “bursting” or unstable CSR emission. The former is particularly interesting to reach the longest wavelengths (<20 cm−1) so to address the lower energy vibrational modes in condensed matter, the latter is promising for the wider spectral far-IR/THz coverage allowed (around 100 cm−1), and consequently appealing for extending the spectroscopy capability into a broader range of applications.

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Notes

  1. All simulations have been obtained by Synchrotron Radiation Workshop code developed by O. Chubar and P. Ellaume and available at www.esrf.fr/Accelerators/Groups/InsertionDevices/Software/Radiations/SRW. The situation is handled theoretically according to retarded potentials and Lienard–Wiechart field, dealing with the so-called near-field effects that are particularly relevant to the IR part of the spectrum. Thus, edge radiation emission occuring when relativistic electrons experience the BM magnetic field intensity gradient, is also included.

  2. Assuming that the opening angles of the beamline match the synchrotron radiation natural opening angles, and that the intrinsic source size is smaller than that due to diffraction, from [Williams, Rep. Prog. Phys. 2006].

  3. The theoretical curve in Fig. 2a accounts only for the bending SR, while simulations include also the edge radiation source. The last gives a significant contribution to the photon flux especially at longer wavelengths, thus the discrepancy in this region of the plot.

  4. The slight difference in the plots is likely due to the BS characteristics, being this SR emission peak in the overlapping region of work for both.

  5. Peaks are at 12, 17, 34, 41, 53, 60, 66, 77, 84, 94 cm−1 and all in common to both beamsplitters used, fact that rules out artifacts induced by internal standing waves in the Mylar film since the BS thicknesses ratio (125/50) is not an integer multiple. A simple linear fitting of these values in wavenumber gives (r = 0.99) intercept 4 (±2) cm−1 and slope 9 (±0.2) cm−1 Using the interferometric rule d [μm] = 10,000/(2·n·Δυ [cm−1] such regular pattern in wavenumber is equivalent to a standing wave in a resonant envelope of length ~0.55 mm in vacuum or smaller in media depending on their refractive index (e.g. 1/2.4 times in CVD diamond window).

  6. The more than quadratic behavior has been confirmed in a later set of measurements using calibrated IR attenuator and instead of closing the beamline slits. Thus, non-linearity of the detector can be excluded.

Abbreviations

IR:

Infra red

SR:

Synchrotron radiation

CSR:

Coherent synchrotron radiation

THz:

Terahertz

GLS:

Generation light source

ERL:

Energy recovery linac

BM:

Bending magnet

FE:

Front end

BB:

Black body

FTIR:

Fourier transform IR interferometry

UHV:

Ultra high vacuum

MCT:

Mercury cadmium telluride

RT:

Room temperature

LN2:

Liquid nitrogen

LHe:

Liquid helium

HDPE:

High density polyethylene

BS:

Beam splitter

FWHM:

Full width half maximum

e− :

Electrons

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Acknowledgments

A special thanks to Ian Martin of Diamond Light Source, for his help during the machine set up and the useful set of information on the machine parameters, including comments to the manuscripts. One of the authors (G.C.) wants to acknowledge Paul Dumas and Oleg Chubar of Soleil facility (France), for their kind help with the SRW macro and code used for the IR simulation here shown.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. IR Beamline B22, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Chilton-Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0DE, UK

    Gianfelice Cinque & Mark D Frogley

  2. Physics Department at University of Oxford, John Adams Institute and Diamond Light Source, Keble Road, Oxford, OX1 3RH, UK

    Riccardo Bartolini

Authors
  1. Gianfelice Cinque
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  2. Mark D Frogley
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  3. Riccardo Bartolini
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Correspondence to Gianfelice Cinque.

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Cinque, G., Frogley, M.D. & Bartolini, R. Far-IR/THz spectral characterization of the coherent synchrotron radiation emission at diamond IR beamline B22. Rend. Fis. Acc. Lincei 22 (Suppl 1), 33–47 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12210-011-0149-x

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