Abstract
Psychosocial factors are commonly present in cases involving chronic pain. There are numerous risks associated with unnecessary medical treatment and societal burdens associated with unwarranted disability compensation. A published system for the diagnosis of malingering pain-related disability (Bianchini, Greve, & Glynn, 2005, The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 20, 831–847) provides a framework for evaluating multiple sources of data in making decisions about the likelihood that intentional exaggeration may be present and differentiating malingering from other psychosocial factors. The application of the Bianchini et al. (The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 20, 831–847, 2005) system in chronic pain cases is illustrated, with an emphasis on integrating multiple sources of information.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington DC: APA.
Bianchini, K. J., Curtis, K. L., & Greve, K. W. (2006). Compensation and malingering in TBI: a dose-response relationship? The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 20, 831–847.
Bianchini, K. J., Etherton, J. L., & Greve, K. W. (2004). Diagnosing cognitive malingering in patients with work-related pain: four cases. Journal of Forensic Neuropsychology, 4, 65–85.
Bianchini, K. J., Greve, K. W., & Glynn, G. (2005). On the diagnosis of malingered pain-related disability: lessons from cognitive malingering research. The Spine Journal, 5, 404–417.
Bianchini, K. J., Etherton, J. L., Greve, K. W., Heinly, M. T., & Meyers, J. E. (2008). Classification accuracy of MMPI-2 validity scales in the detection of pain-related malingering: a known-groups study. Assessment, 15, 435–449.
Boden, S. D., Davis, D. O., Dina, T. S., Patronas, N. J., & Wiesel, S. W. (1990). Abnormal magnetic-resonance scans of the lumbar spine in asymptomatic subjects. A prospective investigation. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 72, 403–408.
Brown, R. J. (2004). Psychological mechanisms of medically unexplained symptoms: an integrative conceptual model. Psychological Bulletin, 130, 793–812.
Cassidy, J. D., Carroll, L., Cote, P., Berglund, A., & Nygren, A. (2003). Low back pain after traffic collisions: a population-based cohort study. Spine, 15, 1002–1009.
Chafetz, M., & Underhill, J. (2013). Estimated costs of malingered disabiity. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 28, 633–639.
Dansak, D. (1973). On the tertiary gain of illness. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 14, 523–534.
Daubert vs. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 509 U. S. 579 (1993).
Gatchel, R. J. (2004a). Comorbidity of chronic pain and mental health: the biopsychosocial perspective. American Psychologist, 59, 792–794.
Gatchel, R. J. (2004b). Psychosocial factors that can influence the self-assessment of function. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 14, 197–206.
Gatchel, R. J., Polatin, P. B., & Kinney, R. K. (1995). Predicting outcome of chronic back pain using clinical predictors of psychopathology: a prospective analysis. Health Psychology, 14, 415–420.
Gervais, R. O., Green, P., Allen, L. M., & Iverson, G. L. (2001). Effects of coaching on symptom validity testing in chronic pain patients presenting for disability assessment. Journal of Forensic Neuropsychology, 2, 1–19.
Green, P., Allen, L. M., & Astner, K. (1996). The word memory test: a user’s guide to the oral and computer-administered forms, US version. Durham, NC: CogniSyst, Inc.
Greve, K. W., & Bianchini, K. J. (2004). Setting empirical cut-offs on psychometric indicators of negative response bias: a methodological commentary with recommendations. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 19, 533–541.
Greve, K. W., Bianchini, K. J., Etherton, J. L., Meyers, J. E., Curtis, K. L., & Ord, J. S. (2010). The Reliable Digit Span test in chronic pain: classification accuracy in detecting malingered pain-related disability. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 24, 137–152.
Greve, K. W., Bianchini, K. J., Etherton, J. L., Ord, J. S., & Curtis, K. L. (2009a). Detecting malingered pain-related disability: classification accuracy of the portland digit recognition test. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 23, 850–869.
Greve, K. W., Etherton, J. L., Ord, J., Bianchini, K. J., & Curtis, K. (2009b). Detecting malingered pain-related disability: classification accuracy of the test of memory malingering. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 23, 1250–1271.
Greve, K. W., Ord, J. S., Bianchini, K. J., & Curtis, K. L. (2009c). Prevalence of malingering in patients with chronic pain referred for psychological evaluation in a medico-legal context. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 90, 1117–1126.
Harris, I., Mulford, J., Solomon, M., van Gelder, J. M., & Young, J. (2005). Association between compensation status and outcome after surgery: a meta-analysis. Journal of the American Medical Association, 293, 1644–1652.
Iverson, G. L., King, R. J., Scott, J. G., & Adams, R. L. (2001). Cognitive complaints in litigating patients with head injuries or chronic pain. Journal of Forensic Neuropsychology, 2, 219–230.
Iverson, G., & McCracken, L. M. (1997). “Postconcussive” symtoms in persons with chronic pain. Brain Injury, 11, 783–790.
Kay, N. R., & Morris-Jones, H. (1998). Pain clinic management of medico-legal litigants. Injury, 29, 305–308.
Kwan, O., Ferrari, R., & Friel, J. (2001). Tertiary gain and disability syndromes. Medical Hypotheses, 57, 459–464.
Larrabee, G. L. (1998). Somatic malingering on the MMPI and MMPI-2 in litigating subjects. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 12, 179–188.
Larrabee, G. J. (2003). Exaggerated MMPI-2 symptom report in personal injury litigants with malingered neurocognitive deficit. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 18, 673–686.
Meyers, J. E., Millis, S. R., & Volkert, K. (2002). A validity index for the MMPI-2. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 17, 157–169.
Mittenberg, W., Patton, C., Canyock, E. M., & Condit, D. C. (2002). Baserates of malingering and symptom exaggeration. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 24, 1094–1102.
Rogers, R. (1997). Clinical assessment of malingering and deception (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford.
Rohling, M. L., Binder, L. M., & Langhinrichsen-Rohling, J. (1996). Money matters: A meta-analytic review of the association between financial compensation and the experience and treatment of chronic pain. Health Psychology, 14, 537–547.
Slick, D. J., Sherman, E. M. S., & Iverson, G. L. (1999). Diagnostic criteria for malingering cognitive dysfunction: proposal standards for clinical practice and research. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 13, 545–561.
Tombaugh, T. (1996). Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM). North Tonawanda, NY: Multi Health Systems.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Etherton, J.L. Diagnosing Malingering in Chronic Pain. Psychol. Inj. and Law 7, 362–369 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12207-014-9208-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12207-014-9208-9