Abstract
Although electrolyzed water is a efficient disinfectant to eradicate microorganisms, it is rarely used for domestic applications. Among the various types of electrolyzed water, both slightly acidic electrolyzed water and neutral electrolyzed water are weakly acidic and contain hypochlorous acid (HOCl) which is a strong anti-bacterial agent. To avoid side effects, such as stimulation of skin, the free chlorine concentration must be < 5 mg/L. Considering that the free chlorine concentration of tap water is 4 mg/L, the range from 3 to 5 mg/L is very stable for home use. This is generally referred to as low-level hypochlorous acid fluid. Hence, we developed an electrolysis device that can directly produce low-level hypochlorous fluid. To reduce the production time, we designed a macroporous electrode with a roughness of macroscopic dimensions, which can enhance a sluggish chemical reaction. Using this principle, the macroporous electrode has shown potential applicability and the efficient bactericidal activity.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
A. Kraft, Electrochemical water disinfection: A short review, Platinum Metals Review, 52 (3) (2008) 177–185.
A. T. Kuhn and R. B. Lartey, Electrolytic generation “insitu” of sodium hypochlorite, Chemie Ingenieur Technik, 47 (4) (1975) 129–135.
A. F. Adamson, B. G. Lever and W. F. Stones, The production of hypochlorite by direct electrolysis of sea water: Electrode materials and design of cells for the process, Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 13 (11) (1963) 483–495.
G. Patermarakis and E. Fountoukidis, Disinfection of water by electrochemical treatment, Water Research, 24 (12) (1990) 1491–1496.
K. Umimoto, H. Kawanishi, Y. Tachibana, N. Kawai, S. Nagata and J. Yanagida, Development of automatic controller for providing multi electrolyzed water, IFMBE Proceedings, 25 (7) (2009) 306–309.
K. Umimoto, S. Nagata and Y. Tachibana, Development of device producing electrolyzed water for home care, Journal of Physics Conference Series, 21 (2013) 738–741.
A. Kraft, M. Blaschke, D. Kreysig, B. Sandt, F. Schroder and J. Rennau, Electrochemical water disinfection. Part II: Hypochlorite production from potable water, chlorine consumption and the problem of calcareous deposits, Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 29 (8) (1999) 895–902.
N. Nakajima, T. Nakano, F. Harada, H. Taniguchi, I. Yokoyama, J. Hirose, E. Daikoku and K. Sano, Evaluation of disinfective potential of reactivated free chlorine in pooled tap water by electrolysis, Journal of Microbiological Methods, 57 (2) (2004) 163–173.
M. E. H. Bergmann and A. S. Koparal, Studies on electrochemical disinfectant production using anodes containing RuO2, Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 35 (12) (2005) 1321–1329.
K. Hotta, K. Kawaguchi, K. Saito, K. Ochi and T. Nakayama, Antimicrobial activity of electrolyzed NaCl solu-tion: effect on the growth of Streptomyces spp, Actinomyatologica, 8 (2) (1994) 51–56.
K. Umimoto, Y. Emori, H. Fujita and K. Jokei, Evaluation of strong acidic electrolyzed water for the disinfection, IEEE-EMBS EMBS Asian-Pracific Conference (2003) 360–361.
A. Kraft, M. Stadelmann, M. Blaschke, D. Kreysig, B. Sandt, F. Schröder and J. Rennau, Electrochemical water disinfection Part 1: Hypochlorite production from very dilute chloride solutions, Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 29 (7) (1999) 859–866.
R. F. Service, Bringing fuel cells down to earth, Science, 285 (5428) (1999) 682–685.
H. Boo, S. Park, B. Ku, Y. Kim, J. H. Park, H. C. Kim and T. D. Chung, Ionic strength-controlled virtual area of mesoporous platinum electrode, Journal of the American Chemical Society, 126 (14) (2004) 4524–4525.
A. T. Bell, The impact of nanoscience on heterogeneous catalysis, Science, 299 (5613) (2003) 1688–1691.
E. Antolini, Formation of carbon-supported PtM alloys for low temperature fuel cells: a review, Materials Chemistry and Physics, 78 (3) (2003) 563–573.
D. R. Rolison, Catalytic nanoarchitectures?the importance of nothing and the unimportance of periodicity, Science, 299 (5613) (2003) 1698–1701.
Z. Chen, L. Xu, W. Li, M. Waje and Y. Yan, Polyaniline nanofibre supported platinum nanoelectrocatalysts for direct methanol fuel cells, Nanotechnology, 17 (20) (2006) 5254–5259.
N. B. Philip, R. B. Peter and A. G. Mohamed, Electrochemical deposition of macroporous platinum, palladium and cobaltfilms using polystyrene latex sphere templates, Chemical Commumicaions (2000) 1671–1672.
M. Eiichi and S. Masayuki, Preparation of ordered macroporous platinum metal particles, e-Journal of Surface Science and Nanotechnology, 4 (2006) 451–453.
A. Hauch, I. K. Brodersen, M. Chen and M. B. Mogensen, Ni/YSZ electrodes structures optimized for increased electro-lysis performance and durability, Solid State Ionics, 293 (2016) 27–36.
C. G. Buch, I. H. Cardona, E. M. Ortega, S. Mestre and V. P. Herranz, Synthesis and characterization of Au-modified macroporous Ni electrocatalysts for alkaline water electrolysis, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 41 (2) (2016) 764–772.
M. Li, T. Liu, L. Fan, X. Bo and L. Guo, Three-dimensional hierarchical meso/macroporous Fe/Co-nitrogendoped carbon encapsulated FeCo alloy nanoparticles prepared without any template or surfactant: High-performance bifunctional oxygen electrodes, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 686 (25) (2016) 467–478.
S. Ferdi and S. Wolfgang, Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, Advanced Material, 9 (14) (2002) 629–638.
J. H. Han, H. K. Boo, S. J. Park and T. D. Chung, Electrochemical oxidation of hydrogen peroxide at nanoporous platinum electrodes and the application to glutamate microsensor, Electrochimica Acta, 52 (4) (2006) 1788–1791.
S. J. Park, S. Y. Lee, H. K. Boo, H. M. Kim, K. B. Kim, H. C. Kim, Y. J. Song and T. D. Chung, Three-dimensional interstitial nanovoid of nanoparticulate Pt film electroplated from reverse micelle solution, Chemistry of Material, 19 (14) (2007) 3373–3375.
J. Xie, S. Wang, L. Aryasomayajula and V. K. Varadan, Platinum decorated carbon nanotubes for highly sensitive amperometric glucose sensing, Nanotechnology, 18 (6) (2007) 65503–65512.
H. F. Cui, J. S. Ye, X. Liu, W. D. Zhang and F. S. Sheu, Pt-Pb alloy nanoparticle/carbon nanotube nanocomposite: a strong electrocatalyst for glucose oxidation, Nanotechnology, 17 (9) (2006) 2334–2339.
S. Trasatti and O. A. Petrii, Real surface area measurements in electrochemistry, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 327 (12) (1992) 353–376.
L. J. Bregoli, The influence of platinum crystallite size on the electrochemical reduction of oxygen in phosphoric acid, Electrochimica Acta, 23 (6) (1978) 489–492.
M. Z. David, M. E. Acree, J. J. Sieth, D. J. Boxrud, G. Dobbins, R. Lynfield, S. Boyle-Vavra and R. S. Daum, Pediatric S. aureus isolate genotypes and infections from the dawn of the CA-MRSA epidemic era in Chicago, 1995-19970, Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 53 (8) (2015) 2486–2491.
N. Goodyear, N. Brouillette, K. Tenaglia, R. Gore and J. Marshall, The effectiveness of three home products in cleaning and disinfection of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli on home environmental surfaces, Journal of Applied Microbiology, 119 (5) (2015) 1245–1252.
K. P. Neil, G. Biggerstaff, J. K. MacDonald, E. Trees, C. Medus, K. A. Musser, S. G. Stroika, D. Zink and M. J. Sotir, A novel vehicle for transmission of Escherichia coli O157:H7 to humans: Multistate outbreak of E. coli O157:H7 infections associated with consumption of ready-to-bake commercial prepackaged cookie dough—United States, 2009, Clinical Infectious Diseases, 54 (4) (2012) 511–518.
A. D. Hosny, D. M. Reda, K. R. Abdelmonem and A. H. Osama, Immune response to Vi polysaccharide, heat-killed whole cells, and outer membrane protein of Salmonella typhi, The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, 9 (6) (2015) 642–649.
A. Kucernak and J. Jiang, Mesoporous platinum as a catalyst for oxygen electroreduction and methanol electrooxidation, Chemical Engineering Journal, 93 (1) (2003) 81–90.
S. J. Park, H. G. Boo, Y. M. Kim, J. H. Han, H. C. Kim and T. D. Chung, pH-sensitive solid-state electrode based on electrodeposited nanoporous platinum, Analytical Chemistry, 77 (23) (2005) 7695–7701.
S. J. Park, T. D. Chung and H. C. Kim, Nonenzymatic glucose detection using mesoporous platinum, Analytical Chemistry, 75 (13) (2003) 3046–3049.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Recommended by Associate Editor Won Gyu Shin
Soobyeong Kim was born in Republic of Korea in 1985. He received the doctoral degree in biomedical engineering from Yonsei University in Korea, in 2014. He works as a Senior Researcher in Korea institute of Industrial Technology.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kim, S. Production of electrolyzed water for home-use based on electrodeposited macroporous platinum. J Mech Sci Technol 31, 1843–1849 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12206-017-0331-x
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12206-017-0331-x