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Social Vulnerability to Pesticide Exposure in Children from an Agricultural Community in Mexico

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Abstract

The child population can be exposed to environmental pollutants, including pesticides that seriously affect their development. Pesticides are used to control vectors and pests in homes, agriculture and other sectors. Children are exposed to pesticides through different pathways. In this sense, it is of the utmost importance to know how children perceive the risk of exposure to pesticides. This study was aimed at identifying the sources that could increase the pesticide exposure and level of knowledge children have about the use and management of these compounds. A descriptive study was carried out, a structured questionnaire was applied to 373 children, 206 children from an community-a (area with a high use of pesticides) and 167 children from community-b (reference population). The results of our work show that more than 50% of infants in first, second, third, and sixth elementary-school grades are uninformed concerning what a pesticide is. The responses obtained from the children revealed that they are in great proximity to these compounds at home through the use of household insecticides (96.57%), in the form of a spiral (95.45%) and repellents (94.19%). In addition, 37.76% responded that they had observed pesticide containers for agricultural use at home. Drawings made by the participants suggest a broad perception of the effects of pesticides in their communities. In conclusion, the lack of knowledge of pesticides in the child population reveals several exposure risk factors, as well as a great variability in the manner in which children in Mexico perceive problems derived from use of these compounds.

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Data Availability

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgments

Special thanks to Dr. Herrera-Moreno for reviewing the contents of this manuscript.

Funding

This work was partially supported by CONACyT (Grant #316393 and #314829).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, 63155, Ciudad de la Cultura s/n, Col. Centro, C.P. 63000, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico

    Miguel Alfonso Ruiz-Arias, Yael Yvette Bernal-Hernández, Irma Martha Medina-Díaz, Briscia Socorro Barrón-Vivanco, Cyndia Azucena González-Arias, Carlos Alberto Romero-Bañuelos & Aurora Elizabeth Rojas-García

  2. Programa de doctorado en Ciencias Biológico Agropecuarias, Área de Ciencias Ambientales, Unidad Académica de Agricultura, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Km. 9 Carretera Tepic-Compostela, Xalisco, Nayarit, Mexico

    Miguel Alfonso Ruiz-Arias

  3. Unidad Especializada de Ciencias Ambientales, CENITT, Av. Emilio M. González S/N, Ciudad del Conocimiento, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico

    Francisco Alberto Verdín-Betancourt

  4. Unidad Académica de Derecho, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, 63155, Ciudad de la Cultura s/n, Col. Centro, C.P. 63000, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico

    Amelia Gascón-Cervantes

  5. Unidad Académica de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, 63155, Ciudad de la Cultura s/n, Col. Centro, C.P. 63000, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico

    Karla Yanin Rivera-Flores

  6. Unidad Académica de Agricultura, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, 63155, Km. 9 Carretera Tepic-Compostela, Xalisco, Nayarit, Mexico

    Rebeca de Haro-Mota

Authors
  1. Miguel Alfonso Ruiz-Arias
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  2. Yael Yvette Bernal-Hernández
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  3. Irma Martha Medina-Díaz
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  4. Briscia Socorro Barrón-Vivanco
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  5. Cyndia Azucena González-Arias
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  6. Francisco Alberto Verdín-Betancourt
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  7. Carlos Alberto Romero-Bañuelos
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  8. Amelia Gascón-Cervantes
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  9. Karla Yanin Rivera-Flores
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  10. Rebeca de Haro-Mota
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  11. Aurora Elizabeth Rojas-García
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Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Miguel Alfonso Ruiz Arias, Bernal-Hernández Yael Yvette, Medina-Díaz Irma Martha, Barrón-Vivanco Briscia Socorro, González-Arias Cyndia Azucena, Verdín-Betancourt Francisco Alberto, Romero-Bañuelos Carlos Alberto, Aurora Elizabeth Rojas García. All authors reviewed on previous version of this manuscript and all of them read and approved the final version.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Aurora Elizabeth Rojas-García.

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Ethical Approval

Authors assure that the manuscript is an original work, the manuscript is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, we attest that this work has been approved by all co-authors. The authors also understand that should the submitted material be accepted for publication in the journal, they will automatically transfer the copyright to the publisher. All authors have read and approved the manuscript for submission, accepted responsibility for the manuscript content.

Informed Consent

This pilot study is part of the macro-project approved by the Bioethics Commission of Nayarit State, Mexico (registry number CEBN/01/2022) and was carried out in accordance with the international guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki.

Research Involving Human Participants and/or Animals

This pilot study is part of the macro-project approved by the Bioethics Commission of Nayarit State, Mexico (registry number CEBN/01/2022) and was carried out in accordance with the international guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki.

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The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to report.

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Ruiz-Arias, M.A., Bernal-Hernández, Y.Y., Medina-Díaz, I.M. et al. Social Vulnerability to Pesticide Exposure in Children from an Agricultural Community in Mexico. Child Ind Res 16, 2489–2510 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-023-10061-x

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