Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), which are usually short basic peptides, are able to cross cell membranes and convey bioactive cargoes inside cells. CPPs have been widely used to deliver inside cells peptides, proteins, and oligonucleotides; however, their entry mechanisms still remain controversial. A major problem concerning CPPs remains their lack of selectivity to target a specific type of cell and/or an intracellular component. We have previously shown that myristoylation of one of these CPPs affected the intracellular distribution of the cargo. We report here on the synthesis of glycosylated analogs of the cell-penetrating peptide (R6/W3): Ac-RRWWRRWRR-NH2. One, two, or three galactose(s), with or without a spacer, were introduced into the sequence of this nonapeptide via a triazole link, the Huisgen reaction being achieved on a solid support. Four of these glycosylated CPPs were coupled via a disulfide bridge to the proapoptotic KLAK peptide, (KLAKLAKKLAKLAK), which alone does not enter into cells. The effect on cell viability and the uptake efficiency of different glycosylated conjugates were studied on CHO cells and were compared to those of the nonglycosylated conjugates: (R6/W3)S-S-KLAK and penetratinS-S-KLAK. We show that glycosylation significantly increases the cell viability of CHO cells compared to the nonglycosylated conjugates and concomitantly decreases the internalization of the KLAK cargo. These results suggest that glycosylation of CPP may be a key point in targeting specific cells.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P (2008) Molecular biology of the cell. Garland Publishing Inc, New York
Rubertalli A, Sitia R (1995) Entry of exogenous polypeptides into the nucleus of living cells: facts and speculations. Trends Cell Biol 5:409–412
Dietz GPH, Bähr M (2004) Delivery of bioactive molecules into the cell: the Trojan horse approach. Mol Cell Neurosci 27:85–131
Langel U (ed) (2007) In: Handbook of Cell-Penetrating Peptides, 2nd edn. Taylor and Francis, Boca Raton
Morris MC, Deshayes S, Heitz F, Divita G (2008) Cell-penetrating peptides: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutics. Biol Cell 100:201–217
Hansen M, Kilk K, Langel U (2008) Predicting cell-penetrating peptides. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 60:572–579
Derossi D, Joliot AH, Chassaing G, Prochiantz A (1994) The third helix of the Antennapedia homeodomain translocates through biological membranes. J Biol Chem 269:10444–11045
Vivès E, Brodin P, Lebleu B (1997) A truncated HIV-1 Tat protein basic domain rapidly translocates through the plasma membrane and accumulates in the cell nucleus. J Biol Chem 272:16010–16017
Dom G, Shaw-Kackson C, Matis C, Bouffioux O, Picard JJ, Prochiantz A, Mingeot-Leclercq MP, Brasseur R, Rezsohazy R (2003) Cellular uptake of Antennapedia Penetratin peptides is a two-step process in which phase transfer precedes a tryptophan-dependent translocation. Nucleic Acid Res 31:556–561
Fischer R, Fotin-Mleczek M, Hufnagel H, Brock R (2005) Break on through to the other side - biophysics and cell biology shed light on cell-penetrating peptides. ChemBioChem 6:2126–2142
Lundin P, Johansson H, Guterstam P, Holm T, Hansen M, Langel U (2008) Distinct uptake routes of cell-penetrating peptide conjugates. El Andaloussi S. Bioconj Chem 19:2535–2542
Duchardt F, Fotin-Mleczek M, Schwarz H, Fischer R, Brock R (2007) A comprehensive model for the cellular uptake of cationic cell-penetrating peptides. Traffic 8:848–866
Vives E, Schmidt J, Pelegrin A (2008) Cell-penetrating and cell-targeting peptides in drug delivery. Biochim Biophys Acta 1786:126–138
Watkins CL, Schmaljohann D, Futaki S, Jones AT (2009) Low concentration thresholds of plasma membranes for rapid energy-independent translocation of a cell-penetrating peptide. Biochem J 420:179–89
Jiao CY, Delaroche D, Burlina F, Alves ID, Chassaing G, Sagan S (2009) Translocation and endocytosis for cell-penetrating peptides (CPP) internalization. J Biol Chem (in press)
Crombez L, Aldrian-Herrada G, Konate K, Nguyen QN, McMaster GK, Brasseur R, Heitz F, Divita G (2008) A new potent secondary amphipathic cell–penetrating peptide for siRNA delivery into mammalian cells. Molec Ther 17:95–103
Enback J, Laakkonen P (2007) Tumour-homing peptides: tools for targeting, imaging and destruction. Biochem Soc Trans 35:780–783
Aussedat B, Dupont E, Sagan S, Joliot AH, Lavielle S, Chassaing G, Burlina F (2008) Modifications in the chemical structure of Trojan carriers: impact on cargo delivery. Chem Commun 1398–1400
Derossi D, Chassaing G, Prochiantz A (1998) Trojan peptides: the penetratin system for intracellular delivery. Trends Cell Biol 8:84–87
Delaroche D, Aussedat B, Aubry S, Chassaing G, Burlina F, Clodic G, Bolbach G, Lavielle S, Sagan S (2007) Tracking a new cell-penetrating (W/R) nonapeptide, through an enzyme-stable mass spectrometry reporter tag. Anal Chem 79:1932–1938
Chassaing G, Prochiantz A (1997) Peptides usable as vectors for the intracellular addressing of bioactive molecules. PCT Int Appl WO 9712912 A1 19970410
Lavielle S, Ling N, Guillemin R (1981) Solid-phase synthesis of two glycopeptides containing the amino acid sequence 5 to 9 of somatostatin. Carbohydrate Res 89:221–228
Polt R, Porreca F, Szabo LZ, Bilsky EJ, Davis P, Abbruscato TJ, Davis TP, Horvath R, Yamamura HI, Hruby VJ (1994) Glycopeptide enkephalin analogues produce analgesia in mice: evidence for penetration of the blood-brain barrier. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:7114–7118
Michael K, Wittmann V, König W, Sandow J, Kessler HS (1996) S- and C-glycopeptide derivatives of an LH-RH antagonist. Int J Peptide Protein Res 48:59–70
Egleton RD, Mitchell SA, Huber JD, Janders J, Stropova D, Polt R, Yamamura HI, Hruby VJ, Davis TP (2005) Biousian glycopeptides penetrate the blood–brain barrier. Tetrahedron Asymmetry 16:65–75
Foerg C, Ziegler U, Fernandez-Carneado J, Giralt E, Rennert R, Beck-Sickinger AG, Merkle HP (2005) Decoding the entry of two novel cell-penetrating peptides in HeLa cells: lipid raft-mediated endocytosis and endosomal escape. Biochemistry 44:72–81
Magzoub M, Pramanik A, Graslund A (2005) Modeling the endosomal escape of cell-penetrating peptides: transmembrane pH gradient driven translocation across phospholipid bilayers. Biochemistry 44:14890–14897
Shiraishi T, Nielsen PE (2006) Enhanced delivery of cell-penetrating peptide–peptide nucleic acid conjugates by endosomal disruption. Nat Protoc 1:633–636
Lundberg P, El-Andaloussi S, Sutlu T, Johansson H, Langel U (2007) Delivery of short interfering RNA using endosomolytic cell-penetrating peptides. FASEB J 21:2664–2671
Lo SL, Wang S (2008) An endosomolytic Tat peptide produced by incorporation of histidine and cysteine residues as a nonviral vector for DNA transfection. Biomaterials 29:2408–2414
Law B, Quinti L, Choi Y, Weissleder R, Tung CH (2006) A mitochodrial targeted fusion peptide exhibits remarkable cytotoxicity. Mol Cancer Ther 5:1944–1949
Foillard S, Jin ZH, Garanger E, Boturyn D, Favrot MC, Coll JL, Dumy P (2008) Synthesis and biological characterisation of targeted pro-apoptotic peptide. Chem Bio Chem 9:2326–2332
Marks AJ, Cooper MS, Anderson RJ, Orchard KH, Hale G, North JM, Ganeshaguru K, Steele AJ, Mehta AB, Lowdell MW, Wickremasinghe RG (2005) Selective apoptotic killing of malignant hemopoietic cells by antibody-targeted delivery of an amphipathic peptide. Cancer Res 65:2373–2377
Collot M, Savreux J, Mallet JM (2008) New thioglycoside derivatives for use in odorless synthesis of MUXF3 N-glycan fragments related to food allergens. Tetrahedron 64:1523–1535
Joosten JAF, Loimaranta V, Appeldoorn CCM, Haataja S, El Maate FA, Liskamp RMJ, Finne J, Pieters RJ (2004) Inhibition of streptococcus suis adhesion by dendritic galabiose compounds at low nanomolar concentration. J Med Chem 47:6499–6508
Zhu X, Kawatkar S, Rao Y, Boons GJ (2006) Practical approach for the stereoselective introductionof b-arabinofuranosides. J Am Chem Soc 129:11948–11957
Kolb HC, Finn MG, Sharpless KB (2001) Click chemistry: diverse chemical function from a few good reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed 40:2004–2021
Tornoe CW, Christensen C, Meldal M (2002) Peptidotriazoles on solid phase: [1,2,3]-triazoles by regiospecific copper(I)-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of terminal alkynes to azides. J Org Chem 67:3057–3064
Zhang Z, Fan E (2006) Solid phase synthesis of peptidotriazoles with multiple cycles of triazole formation. Tetrahedron Lett 47:665–669
Jang H, Fafarman A, Holub JM, Kirshenbaum K (2005) Click to fit: versatile polyvalent display on a peptidomimetic scaffold. Org Lett 7:1951–1954
Coats SJ, Link JS, Gauthier D, Hlasta DJ (2005) Trimethylsilyl-directed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions in the solid-phase synthesis of 1,2,3-triazoles. Org Lett 7:1469–1472
Harju K, Vahermo M, Mutikainen I, Yli-Kauhaluoma J (2003) Solid-phase synthesis of 1,2,3-triazoles via 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition. J Comb Chem 5:826–833
Parikh PB, Kim YS, Chang YT (2002) Single resin bead kinetics using real time fluorescence measurements. Bull Korean Chem Soc 23:1509–1510
Ploux O, Chassaing G, Marquet A (1987) Cyclization of peptides on a solid support - Application to cyclic analogs of substance-P. Int J of Peptide and Protein Res 29:162–169
Aubry S, Burlina F, Dupont E, Delaroche D, Joliot A, Lavielle S, Chassaing G, Sagan S (2009) Cell-surface thiols affect cell entry of disulfide-conjugated peptides. FASEB J (in press)
Burlina F, Sagan S, Bolbach G, Chassaing G (2005) Quantification of the cellular uptake of cell-penetrating peptides by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Angew Chem Int Ed 44:4244–4247
Richard JP, Melikov K, Vives E, Ramos C, Verbeure B, Gait MJ, Chernomordik LV, Lebleu B (2003) Cell-penetrating peptides - A reevaluation of the mechanism of cellular uptake. J Biol Chem 278:585–590
Puckett CA, Barton JK (2009) Fluorescein redirects a ruthenium-octaarginine conjugate to the nucleus. J Am Chem Soc 131:8738–8739
Dupont E, Prochiantz A, Joliot A (2007) Identification of a signal peptide for unconventional secretion. J Biol Chem 282:8994–9000
Wender PA, Mitchell DJ, Pattabiraman K, Pelkey ET, Steinman L, Rothbard JB (2000) The design, synthesis, and evaluation of molecules that enable or enhance cellular uptake: peptoid molecular transporters. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:13003–13008
Mitchell DJ, Kim DT, Steinman L, Fathman CG, Rothbard JB (2000) Polyarginine enters cells more efficiently than other polycationic homopolymers. J Pept Res 56:318–325
Rothbard B, Kreider E, VanDeusen CL, Wright L, Wylie BL, Wender PA (2002) Arginine-rich molecular transporters for drug delivery: role of backbone spacing in cellular uptake. J Med Chem 45:3612–3618
Bilsky EJ, Egleton RD, Mitchell SA, Palian MM, Davis P, Huber JD, Jones H, Yamamura HI, Janders J, Davis TP, Porreca F, Hruby VJ, Polt R (2000) Enkephalin glycopeptide analogues produce analgesia with reduced dependence liability. J Med Chem 43:2586–2590
Buskas T, Ingale S, Boons GJ (2006) Glycopeptides as versatile tools for glycobiology. Glycobiology 16:113R–136R
Maiti KK, Lee WS, Takeuchi T, Watkins C, Fretz M, Kim DC, Futaki S, Jones A, Kim KT, Chung SK (2007) Guanidine-containing molecular transporters: sorbitol-based transporters show high intracellular selectivity toward mitochondria. Angew Chem Int Ed 46:5880–5884
Maiti KK, Jeon OY, Lee WS, Chung SK (2007) Design, synthesis, and delivery properties of novel guanidine-containing molecular transporters built on dimeric inositol scaffolds. Chem Eur J 13:762–775
Yu H, Chokhawala H, Karpel R, Yu H, Wu B, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Jia Q, Chen X (2005) A multifunctional Pasteurella multocida sialyltransferase: a powerful tool for the synthesis of sialoside libraries. J Am Chem Soc 127:17618–17619
Liu XM, Thakur A, Wang D (2007) Efficient synthesis of linear multifunctional poly(ethylene glycol) by copper(I)-catalyzed huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition. Biomacromol 8:2653–2658
Sachon E, Tasseau O, Lavielle S, Sagan S, Bolbach G (2003) Isotope and affinity tags in photoreactive substance P analogues to identify the covalent linkage within the NK-1 receptor by MALDI-TOF analysis. Anal Chem 75:6536–6543
Hasegawa T, Numata M, Okumura S, Kimura T, Sakurai K, Shinkai S (2007) Carbohydrateappended curdlans as a new family of glycoclusters with binding properties both for a polynucleotide and lectins. Org Biomol Chem 5:2404–2412
Acknowledgment
The authors greatly acknowledge Lynda Millstine’s contribution in editing this manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Laurence Dutot and Pascaline Lécorché contributed equally
Electronic supplementary materials
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Dutot, L., Lécorché, P., Burlina, F. et al. Glycosylated cell-penetrating peptides and their conjugates to a proapoptotic peptide: preparation by click chemistry and cell viability studies. J Chem Biol 3, 51–65 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12154-009-0031-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12154-009-0031-9