Skip to main content
Log in

Towards a greater integration of ‘spicier’ sexuality into mainstream society? Social-psychological and socio-cultural predictors of attitudes towards BDSM

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Sexuality & Culture Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Opposition and stigmatization toward BDSM (bondage and discipline, dominance and submission, and sadomasochism) preferences or lifestyles only recently have begun to be documented. BDSM is stigmatized since vanilla sexuality (standard or conventional sexual practice) is considered the norm assuming BDSM practitioners as socially unacceptable, and BDSM as an unethical and unacceptable form of sex. This study examined women’s attitudes toward BDSM practices in the Greek socio-cultural context. An exploratory cross-sectional study was conducted between October 12 and December 12, 2021, via an online survey. This study’s convenience sample consisted of female undergraduate students (N = 240) who were recruited from two universities in the northern part of Greece. A between-subjects, correlational design was employed. Bivariate correlation was generated to explore the associations between variables of interest. Next, a multiple regression model was employed to predict ASMS (Attitudes toward Sadomasochism Scale) from the other study measures, based on the significance of the associations. This study’s findings show that the more conservative participants (whether in political or religious terms) oppose BDSM practices. The current study adds to the limited literature that examines the attitudes of people toward BDSM intending to clarify the social-psychological and socio-cultural factors that shape prejudicial attitudes towards BDSM and enhance the efforts of advocacy groups to promote social justice.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

Data Availability

Data are available on reasonable request.

References

  • Ahmed, S. (2004). The Cultural Politics of Emotion. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University

    Google Scholar 

  • Badgett, M. V. L. (2003). Employment and sexual orientation: Disclosure and discrimination in the workplace. In L. D. Garnets & D. C. Kimmel (Eds.), Psychological perspectives on lesbian, gay, and bisexual experiences (pp. 327–348). New York: Columbia University Press

  • Baiocco, R., Crea, G., Pistella, J., Ioverno, S., Tanzilli, A., Rosati, F., & Laghi, F. (2018). Attitude toward Christianity, sexual orientation, and parental religiosity in a sample of Italian adolescents. Journal of Beliefs & Values, 39(3), 298–303. https://doi.org/10.1080/13617672.2017.1382647

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barker, M. (2013). Gender and BDSM revisited: reflections on a decade of researching kink communities. Psychology of Women Section Review, 15(2), 20–28. https://www.dora.dmu.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/2086/9

    Google Scholar 

  • Bauer, R. (2014). Queer BDSM intimacies: Critical consent and pushing boundaries. New York: Palgrave Macmillan

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Beckwith, H. D., & Morrow, J. A. (2005). Sexual attitudes of college students: The impact of religiosity and spirituality. College Student Journal, 39, 357–366

    Google Scholar 

  • Bezreh, T., Weinberg, T. S., & Edgar, T. (2012). BDSM disclosure and stigma management: Identifying opportunities for sex education. American Journal of Sexuality Education, 7(1), 37–61. https://doi.org/10.1080/15546128.2012.650984

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beltrán Tapia, F. J., & Raftakis, M. (2021). Sex ratios and gender discrimination in Modern Greece. Population Studies, 1–18.https://doi.org/10.1080/00324728.2021.1923787

  • Brislin, R. W. (1980). Translation and content analysis of oral and written material. In H. C. Triandis, & J. W. Berry (Eds.), Handbook of cross-cultural psychology: Methodology (pp. 389–444). Boston: Allyn and Bacon

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown-Saracino, J., Compton, D., & Parker, J. (2021). Changing social context, queer recruitment panics, and the rise in LGBT identification in the U.S. Contexts, 20, 63–65

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buunk, B. P., & Bakker, A. B. (1995). Extradyadic sex: The role of descriptive and injunctive norms. Journal of Sex Research, 32(4), 313–318. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499509551804

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carlström, C. (2017). Gender equal BDSM practice – a Swedish paradox? Psychology & Sexuality, 8(4), 268–279.https://doi.org/10.1080/19419899.2017.1383302

  • Cialdini, R. B., & Trost, M. R. (1998). Social influence: Social norms, conformity and compliance. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (pp. 151–192). McGraw-Hill

  • Cicognani, E., Zani, B., Fournier, B., Gavray, C., & Born, M. (2012). Gender differences in youths’ political engagement and participation. The role of parents and of adolescents’ social and civic participation. Journal of adolescence, 35(3), 561–576. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2011.10.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cislaghi, B., & Heise, L. (2018). Four avenues of normative influence: A research agenda for health promotion in low and mid-income countries. Health Psychology, 37(6), 562–573. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000618

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Costa, P. A., Almeida, R., Anselmo, C., Ferreira, A., Pereira, H., & Leal, I. (2014). University students’ attitudes toward same-sex parenting and gay and lesbian rights in Portugal. Journal of Homosexuality, 61(12), 1667–1686. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2014.951253

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Costello, A. B., & Osborne, J. W. (2005). Best Practices in Exploratory Factor Analysis: Four Recommendations for Getting the Most From Your Analysis. Practical Assessment Research & Evaluation, 10(7), 1–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Crandall, C. S. (2000). Ideology and lay theories of stigma: The justification of stigmatization. In T. F. Heatherton (Ed.), The social psychology of stigma (pp. 126–150). New York, NY, USA: Guilford Press

    Google Scholar 

  • Cutler, B., Lee, E., Cutler, N., & Sagarin, B. (2020). Partner Selection, Power Dynamics, and Mutual Care Giving in Long-Term Self-Defined BDSM Couples. Journal of Positive Sexuality, 6(2), 86–114

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Damm, C., Dentato, M. P., & Busch, N. (2017). Unravelling intersecting identities: understanding the lives of people who practice BDSM. Psychology & Sexuality, 9(1), 21–37. https://doi.org/10.1080/19419899.2017.1410854

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dessel, A. B., & Rodenborg, N. (2016). Social Workers and LGBT Policies: Attitude Predictors and Cultural Competence Course Outcomes. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 14(1), 17–31.https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-016-0231-3

  • Dotti Sani, G. M., & Quaranta, M. (2020). Let Them Be, Not Adopt: General Attitudes Towards Gays and Lesbians and Specific Attitudes Towards Adoption by Same-Sex Couples in 22 European Countries. Social Indicators Research, 150, 351–373. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-020-02291-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dovidio, J. F., & Gaertner, S. L. (2010). Intergroup bias. In S. T. Fiske, D. Gilbert, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (5th ed., 2 vol., pp. 1084–1121). New York: Wiley

    Google Scholar 

  • Erickson, J. M., Slayton, A. M., Petersen, J. G., Hyams, H. M., Howard, L. J., Sharp, S., & Sagarin, B. J. (2022). Challenge at the Intersection of Race and Kink: Racial Discrimination, Fetishization, and Inclusivity Within the BDSM (Bondage-Discipline, Dominance-Submission, and Sadism-Masochism) Community. Archives of sexual behavior, 51(2), 1063–1074. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-021-02102-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Faccio, E., Sarigu, D., & Iudici, A. (2020). What is it Like to Be a BDSM Player? The Role of Sexuality and Erotization of Power in the BDSM Experience. Sexuality & Culture. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-020-09703-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fabrigar, L. R., Wegener, D. T., MacCallum, R. C., & Strahan, E. J. (1999). Evaluating the Use of Exploratory Factor Analysis in Psychological Research. Psychological Methods, 4, 272–299. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.4.3.272

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fiske, S. T. (2009). Social Beings: Core Motives in Social Psychology (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley

    Google Scholar 

  • Freeburg, M. N., & McNaughton, M. J. (2017). Fifty Shades of Grey: Implications for Counseling BDSM Clients. VISTAS, 13, 1–11. Retrieved from http://www.counseling.org/knowledge-center/vistas

  • Frohwirth, L., Coleman, M., & Moore, A. M. (2018). Managing religion and morality within the abortion experience: Qualitative interviews with women obtaining abortions in the U.S. World Medical & Health Policy, 10(4), 381–400. https://doi.org/10.1002/wmh3. 289

  • Gintis, H. (2010). Rationality and common knowledge. Rationality and Society, 22(3), 259–282. https://doi.org/10.1177/1043463110375200

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goodman, S. V. (2017). Spirituality, healing and the whole person: Reconciling faith in the transgender community. 17,10

  • Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity. Touchstone

  • Gray, A. J. (2002). Stigma in psychiatry. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 95(2), 72–76. https://doi.org/10.1258/jrsm.95.2.72

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grigoropoulos, I. (2022a). Gay fatherhood Experiences and challenges through the lens of minority stress theory. Journal of homosexuality, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2022.2043131. Advance online publication

  • Grigoropoulos, I. (2022b). Greek High School Teachers’ Homonegative Attitudes Towards Same-Sex Parent Families. Sexuality & Culture. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-021-09935-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grigoropoulos, I. (2019). Attitudes toward same–sex marriage in a Greek sample. Sexuality &Culture, 23, 415–424 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-018-9565-8

  • Grigoropoulos, I., & Kordoutis, P. (2015). Social factors affecting antitransgender sentiment in a sample of Greek undergraduate students. International Journal of Sexual Health, 27(3), 276–285. https://doi.org/10.1080/19317611.2014.974792

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grubbs, J. B., & Perry, S. L. (2019). Moral Incongruence and Pornography Use: A Critical Review and Integration. Journal of sex research, 56(1), 29–37. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2018.1427204

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C., & Sarstedt, M. (2016). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). UK: Sage Publications

    Google Scholar 

  • submission fantasies: Feminine pathology or power?Journal of Sex Research, 46(6),568–585. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224490902878985

  • Herbert, A., & Weaver, A. (2015). Perks, problems, and people who play: A qualitative exploration of dominant and submissive BDSM roles. The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality, 24(1), 49–62. https://doi.org/10.3138/cjhs.246749

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Herek, G. M. (2011). Anti-Equality Marriage Amendments and Sexual Stigma. Journal of Social Issues, 67(2), 413–426. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2011.01705.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Herek, G. M. (2009). Sexual prejudice. Handbook of Prejudice, Stereotyping, and Discrimination (pp. 439–465). New York: Psychol. Press

    Google Scholar 

  • Herek, G. M., & McLemore, K. A. (2013). Sexual prejudice. Annual Review of Psychology, 64, 309–333. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143826

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Herek, G. M., Chopp, R., & Strohl, D. (2007). Sexual stigma: Putting sexual minority health issues in Context. In I. H. Meyer & M. E. Northridge (Eds.), The Health of Sexual Minorities (pp. 171–208). Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-31334-4_8

  • Hillier, K. M. (2018). Counselling Diverse Groups: Addressing Counsellor Bias toward the BDSM and D/S Subculture. Canadian Journal of Counselling and Psychotherapy, 52(1). Retrieved from https://cjc-rcc.ucalgary.ca/article/view/61095

  • Hoffarth, M. R., & Jost, J. T. (2017). When Ideology Contradicts Self-Interest: Conservative Opposition to Same-Sex Marriage Among Sexual Minorities-A Commentary on Pinsof and Haselton (2016). Psychological science, 28(10), 1521–1524. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797617694866

  • Hoyt, C. L., & Parry, M. (2018). Sociocultural and Individual Manifestations of Sexual Stigma: The Role of Political Ideology and Prejudice in Discrimination Against Sexual Minorities. Journal of Social and Political Psychology, 6(1), 92–128. https://doi.org/10.5964/jspp.v6i1.810

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Izquierdo, I., Olea, J., & Abad, F. J. (2014). Exploratory factor analysis in validation studies: uses and recommendations. Psicothema, 26(3), 395–400. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2013.349

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Iraklis, G. (2021a). Lesbian motherhood desires and challenges due to minority stress. Current Psychology. (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-02376-1

  • Iraklis, G. (2021b). Lesbian mothers’ perceptions and experiences of their school involvement. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.2537

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Iraklis, G. (2020). Subtle forms of prejudice in Greek day-care centres. Early childhood educators’ attitudes towards same-sex marriage and children’s adjustment in same-sex families. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 18(5), 711–730. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2020.1835636

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Iraklis, G., & Kordoutis, P. (2015). Reliability and Validity of the Greek Translation of the Same-Sex Marriage Scale. Journal of GLBT Family Studies, 12(4), 335–345. https://doi.org/10.1080/1550428x.2015.108013

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jelen, T. G. (2015). Gender role beliefs and attitudes toward abortion: A cross-national exploration. Journal of Research in Gender Studies, 5, 11

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, P. E., Brewer, P. R., Young, D. G., Lambe, J. L., & Hofman, L. H. (2018). Explaining public opinion toward transgender people, rights, and candidates. Public Opinion Quarterly, 82, 252–278

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jost, J. T., & Amodio, D. M. (2012). Political ideology as motivated social cognition: Behavioral and neuroscientific evidence. Motivation and Emotion, 36, 55–64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-011-9260-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jost, J. T., & Hunyady, O. (2005). Antecedents and consequences of system-justifying ideologies. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14(5), 260–265. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2005.00377.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaiser, H. F. (1960). The Application of Electronic Computers to Factor Analysis. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20(1), 141–151. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316446002000116

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaufman, G., Aiello, A., Ellis, C., & Compton, D. L. (2022). Attitudes Toward Same-Sex Marriage, Polyamorous Marriage, and Conventional Marriage Ideals Among College Students in the Southeastern United States. Sexuality & Culture. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-022-09960-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaufman, G., & Compton, D. (2020). Attitudes toward LGBT marriage and legal protections post-Obergefell. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 18, 321–330

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kelsey, K., Stiles, B. L., Spiller, L., & Diekhoff, G. M. (2013). Assessment of therapists’ attitudes towards BDSM. Psychology and Sexuality, 4(3), 255–267. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/19419899.2012.655255

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kleinplatz, P. J., & Diamond, L. M. (2014). Sexual diversity. In D. L. Tolman, L. M. Diamond, J. A. Bauermeister, W. H. George, J. G. Pfaus, & L. M. Ward (Eds.), APA handbook of sexuality and psychology, Vol. 1. Person-based approaches (pp. 245–267). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/14193-009

  • Kolmes, K., Stock, W., & Moser, C. (2006). Investigating bias in psychotherapy with BDSM clients. Journal of homosexuality, 50(2–3), 301–324. https://doi.org/10.1300/J082v50n02_15

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kulick, D. (2005). Four hundred thousand swedish perverts. GLQ A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies, 11(2), 205–235. https://doi.org/10.1215/10642684-11-2-205

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Labrecque, F., Potz, A., Larouche, É., & Joyal, C. C. (2020). What Is So Appealing About Being Spanked, Flogged, Dominated, or Restrained? Answers from Practitioners of Sexual Masochism/Submission. The Journal of Sex Research, 1–15.https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2020.1767025

  • Langdridge, D. (2006). Voices from the Margins: Sadomasochism and Sexual Citizenship. Citizenship Studies, 10(4), 373–389.https://doi.org/10.1080/13621020600857940

  • Legerski, E., & Harker, A. (2018). The intersection of gender, sexuality, and religion in Mormon mixed-sexuality marriages. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 78(7–8), 482–500. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-017-0817-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luquis, R. R., Brelsford, G. M., & Rojas-Guyler, L. (2011). Religiosity, Spirituality, Sexual Attitudes, and Sexual Behaviors Among College Students. Journal of Religion and Health, 51(3), 601–614. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-011-9527-z

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maio, G. R., & Haddock, G. (2015). The psychology of attitudes and attitude change (2nd ed.). SAGE Publications

  • Moser, C., & Kleinplatz, P. (2006). Introduction to the state of our knowledge on SM. Journal of Homosexuality, 50(2/3), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1300/J082v50n02_01

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mosley, E. A., Narasimhan, S., Blevins, J., Dozier, J. L., Pringle, J., Clarke, L. S., Scott, C., Kan, M., Hall, K. S., & Rice, W. S. (2021). Sexuality-based stigma and inclusion among southern protestant religious leaders. Sexuality Research & Social Policy: A Journal of the NSRC. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-021-00662-y. Advance online publication

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neto, F. (2005). The Satisfaction With Love Life Scale. Measurement and Evaluation. Counseling and Development, 38(1), 2–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481756.2005.11909765

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neto, F., & Pinto, M. C. (2015a). Satisfaction with love life across the adult life span. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 10, 289–304

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ortmann, D. M., & Sprott, R. A. (2013). Sexual outsiders: Understanding BDSM sexualities and communities. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield

    Google Scholar 

  • Paluck, E., & Ball, L. (2010). Social Norms Marketing Aimed at Gender Based Violence: A Literature Review and Critical Assessment. International Rescue Committee

  • Pascoe, C. J. (2017). Who is a real man? The gender of Trumpism. Masculinities and Social Change, 6, 119–141

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perez-Arche, H., & Miller, D. J. (2021). What predicts attitudes toward transgender and nonbinary people? An exploration of gender, authoritarianism, social dominance, and gender ideology. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-020-01212-3. Advance online publication

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perry, S. L. (2017). Spousal Religiosity, Religious Bonding, and Pornography Consumption. Archives of sexual behavior, 46(2), 561–574. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-016-0896-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perry, S. L., & Hayward, G. M. (2017). Seeing is (Not) Believing: How Viewing Pornography Shapes the Religious Lives of Young Americans. Social forces; a scientific medium of social study and interpretation, 95(4), 1757–1788. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/sow106

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perry, S. L., & Snawder, K. J. (2016). Longitudinal effects of religious media on opposition to same-sex marriage. Sexuality & Culture, 20, 785–804

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pohtinen, J. (2019). From secrecy to pride. Negotiating the kink identity, normativity and stigma. Etnologia Fennica, 46, 84–108. https://doi.org/10.23991/ef.v46i0.74306

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rogak, H. M., & Connor, J. J. (2018). Practice of consensual BDSM and relationship satisfaction. Sexual and Relationship Therapy, 33(4), 454–469. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681994.2017.1419560

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rye, B. J., & Traversa, M. (2020). A Psychometric report on Yost’s Attitudes toward Sadomasochism Scale. Indian Journal of Health, Sexuality & Culture, 5 (2). https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2148-1897

  • Simula, B. L. (2015). Give me a Dominant of Any Gender Over Any Kind of Non-Dominant’: Sexual Orientation Beyond Gender. In T. S. Weinberg, & S. Newmahr (Eds.), Selves, Symbols and Sexualities. An Interactionist Anthology edited by (pp. 163–181). Los Angeles: Sage

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Sihvonen, T., & Harviainen, T. (2020). “My Games are … Unconventional”: Intersections of game and BDSM studies. Sexualities https://. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1363460720964092

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, W., Turan, J. M., White, K., Stringer, K. L., Helova, A., Simpson, T., & Cockrill, K. (2016). Social norms and stigma regarding unintended pregnancy and pregnancy decisions: A qualitative study of young women in alabama: social norms and stigma around pregnancy decisions. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 48(2), 73–81. https://doi.org/10.1363/48e9016

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stiles, B., & Clark, R. (2011). BDSM: A subcultural analysis of sacrifices and delights. Deviant Behaviour, 32(2), 158–189

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • https://doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/01639621003748605

  • Stockwell, F. M. J., Hopkins, L. S., & Walker, D. J. (2017). Implicit and Explicit Attitudes Toward Mainstream and BDSM Sexual Practices and Their Relation to Interviewer Behavior: an Analogue Study. The Psychological Record, 67(4), 435–446. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s40732-017-0225-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2001). Using Multivariate Statistics. 4th Edition, Allyn and Bacon, Boston

  • Taylor, G., & Ussher, J. (2001). Making sense of S&M: A discourse analytic account. Sexualities, 4(3), 293–314. https://doi.org/10.1177/136346001004003002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Twenge, J. M., & Blake, A. B. (2021). Increased Support for Same-sex Marriage in the US: Disentangling Age, Period, and Cohort Effects. Journal of homosexuality, 68(11), 1774–1784. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2019.1705672

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van den Akker, H., Van der Ploeg, R., & Scheepers, P. (2013). Disapproval of Homosexuality: Comparative Research on Individual and National Determinants of Disapproval of Homosexuality in 20 European Countries. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 25(1), 64–86. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edr058

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van der Toorn, J., Nail, P. R., Liviatan, I., & Jost, J. T. (2014). My country, right or wrong: Does activating system justification motivation eliminate the liberal-conservative gap in patriotism? Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 54, 50–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2014.04.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vander-Molen, L., Ronis, S. T., Benoit, A. A., & Walmark, S. (2020). Differential Associations between Paraphilic Interests and Sexual Satisfaction. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 27(3–4), 274–292. https://doi.org/10.1080/10720162.2020.1867939

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss, M. D. (2006). Working at Play: BDSM Sexuality in the San Francisco Bay Area. Anthropologica, 48(2), https://doi.org/10.2307/25605313

  • White Hughto, J. M., Reisner, S. L., & Pachankis, J. E. (2015). Transgender stigma and health: A critical review of stigma determinants, mechanisms, and interventions. Social Science & Medicine, 147, 222–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.11.010

  • White, J. J., Dangerfield, D. T., Donovan, E., Miller, D., & Grieb, S. M. (2019). Exploring the role of LGBT-affirming churches in health promotion for Black sexual minority men. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2019.1666429

  • Wismeijer, A. A., & Assen, M. A. (2013). Psychological characteristics of BDSM practitioners. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 10(8), 1943–1952. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsm.12192

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Woodford, M. R., Atteberry, B., Derr, M., & Howell, M. (2013). Endorsement for Civil Rights for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender People Among Heterosexual College Students: Informing Socially Just Policy Advocacy. Journal of Community Practice, 21(3), 203–227. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705422.2013.811623

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Worthen, M. G., Lingiardi, V., & Caristo, C. (2017). The roles of politics, feminism, and religion in attitudes toward LGBT individuals: A cross-cultural study of college students in the USA, Italy, and Spain. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 14, 241–258

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Worthington, E. L. Jr., Hight, N. G. W. T. L., Jennifer, S., Ripley, M. E., McCullough, J. W., Berry, M. M., Schmitt, J. T., Berry, K. H., Bursley, & Lynn, O. C. (2003). The Religious Commitment Inventory—10: Development, Refinement, and Validation of a Brief Scale for Research and Counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 50, 84–96. https://doi.org/10.1037/t00512-000

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yost, M. R. (2010). Development and Validation of the Attitudes about Sadomasochism Scale. Journal of Sex Research, 47(1), 79–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224490902999286

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yost., M. R. (2019). “Attitudes About Sadomasochism Scale.“. In R. R. Milhausen, J. K. Sakaluk, T. D. Fisher, C. M. Davis, & W. L. Yarber (Eds.), Handbook of Sexuality-Related Measures (4th ed., pp. 528–531). New York, NY: Routledge

    Google Scholar 

  • Yost, M. R., & Hunter, E. L. (2012). BDSM practitioners’ understandings of their initial attraction to BDSM sexuality: Essentialist and constructionist narratives. Psychology & Sexuality, 3(3), 244–259. https://doi.org/10.1080/19419899.2012.700028

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Researchers would like to thank all participants.

Funding

This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Iraklis Grigoropoulos.

Ethics declarations

Disclosure statement

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical approval

‘All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.’ This research adheres to the ethical guidelines specified in the APA Code of Conduct.

Informed consent

Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Grigoropoulos, I. Towards a greater integration of ‘spicier’ sexuality into mainstream society? Social-psychological and socio-cultural predictors of attitudes towards BDSM. Sexuality & Culture 26, 2253–2273 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-022-09996-0

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-022-09996-0

Keywords

Navigation