Acton, M., Bertoldi, P., Booth, J., Newcombe, L., Rouyer, A., & Tozer, R. (2018). 2018 Best Practice Guidelines for the EU Code of Conduct on Data Centre Energy Efficiency. EUR 29103 EN. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
Google Scholar
Andrae A. (2018). Should we be concerned about the power consumption of ICT? Presentation at the Around the World Sustainable Research e-Conference, Alberta, Canada, May 4.
Andrae, A., & Edler, T. (2015). On global electricity usage of communication technology: trends to 2030. Challenges, 6, 117–157.
Article
Google Scholar
Artelys. (2017). Cleaner, smarter, cheaper – responding to opportunities in Europe’s changing energy system. Available online: https://www.energyunionchoices.eu/cleanersmartercheaper/
Avgerinou, M., Bertoldi, P., & Castellazzi, L. (2017). Trends in data centre energy consumption under the european code of conduct for data centre energy efficiency. Energies, 10(10), 1470. https://doi.org/10.3390/en10101470.
Article
Google Scholar
Banja, M., & Jégard, M. (2017). Renewable technologies in the EU electricity sector: trends and projections. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union (publication nr. JRC109254).
Google Scholar
Bertoldi, P., Hirl, B., & Labanca, N. (2012). Energy efficiency status report 2012. In Electricity consumption and efficiency trends in the EU -27. EUR – Scientific and Technical Research series. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
Google Scholar
Bertoldi P., Zancanella P., Boza-Kiss B. (2016) Demand response status in EU Member states, EUR 27998 EN; doi: https://doi.org/10.2790/962868.
Boden Type DC One. (2018). The datacenter - Boden Type DC One, https://bodentypedc.eu/one/the-datacenter
Capozzoli, A., & Primiceri, G. (2015). Cooling systems in data centres: state of art and emerging technologies. Energy Procedia, 83, 484–493 7th International Conference on Sustainability in Energy and buildings.
Article
Google Scholar
Chen, C., He, B. and Tang, X. (2012) Green-aware workload scheduling in geographically distributed data centers, in 4th IEEE international conference on cloud computing technology and science proceedings. Taipei, Taiwan: IEEE, pp. 82–89.
Cisco. (2016). Global cloud index – Forecast and Methodology 2015-2020.
Cisco (2018). Global cloud index – Forecast and Methodology 2016-2021.
Clausen A., Ghatikar G., Nørregaard Jørgensen B. (2014). Load management of data centres as regulation capacity in Denmark. In: Proceedings
International Green Computing Conference
, 3–5 Nov. 2014, Dallas USA, https://doi.org/10.1109/IGCC.2014.7039161.
COWI/European Commission. (2016). Impact assessment study on downstream flexibility, price flexibility, demand response & smart metering. DG Energy (request nr. ENER/B3/2015–641).
Davies, G. F., Maidment, G. G., & Tozer, R. M. (2016). Using data centres for combined heating and cooling: an investigation for London. Applied Thermal Engineering, 94, 296–304.
Article
Google Scholar
Ebrahimi, K., Jones, G. F., & Fleischer, A. (2014). A review of data centre cooling technology, operating conditions and the corresponding low-grade waste heat recovery opportunities. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Review, 31, 622–638.
Article
Google Scholar
European Commission. (2009). Directive 2009/125/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 October 2009 establishing a framework for the setting of ecodesign requirements for energy-related products.
European Commission. (2011). Energy Roadmap 2050, Brussels, 15.12.2011 COM(2011) 885 final communication from the commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions.
European Commission. (2015). Ecodesign preparatory study on enterprise servers and data equipment. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
Google Scholar
European Commission (2015b) Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions: a digital single market strategy for Europe. COM(2015) 192 final.
European Commission (2015c) Brussels, 6.5.2015 COM(2015) 192 final communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions a digital single market strategy for Europe.
European Commission (2016) Final report: Ecodesign technical assistance study on standards for lot 9 Enterprise servers and Enterprise data storage. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
European Commission. (2016b). Code of Conduct for Energy Efficiency in Data Centres
https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/energy-efficiency/code-conduct/datacentres [2018-11-21].
European Commission. (2018). In-depth analysis in support of the Commission Communication COM (2018) 773 A Clean Planet for all A European long-term strategic vision for a prosperous, modern, competitive and climate neutral economy, Brussels.
European Commission. (2019). Bringing to market more energy efficient and integrated data centres.
https://ec.europa.eu/info/funding-tenders/opportunities/portal/screen/opportunities/topic-details/ee-20-2017 [2019-11-05].
European Commission. (2019b). Clean energy for all Europeans package adopted, https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/energy-strategy-and-energy-union/clean-energy-all-europeans [2019-05-22].
Eurostat. (2019). Energy statistics from https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/energy/data
Facebook (2019) www.facebook.com/LuleaDataCenter/app/115276998849912/ [2019-12-20].
Ghatikar R.,Ganti V., Matson N. and Piette M. (2012) Demand response opportunities and enabling technologies for data centers: findings from field studies Report number: LBNL-5763E, Affiliation: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.
Goiri, Í., Haque, M. E., Le, K., Beauchea, R., Nguyen, T. D., Guitart, J., Torres, J., & Bianchini, R. (2014). Matching renewable energy supply and demand in green datacenters. Ad Hoc Networks, 25(February), 520–534.
Google Scholar
Google. (2018). Efficiency: how we do it. Available at: https://www.google.com/about/datacenters/efficiency/internal/ [2018-10-18].
Guo, Y., & Fang, Y. (2013). Electricity cost saving strategy in data centers by using energy storage. IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, 24(6).
Haas, R., Lettner, G., Auer, H., & Duic, N. (2013). The looming revolution: how photovoltaics will change electricity markets in Europe fundamentally. Energy, 57, 38–43.
Article
Google Scholar
Heslin K. (2014). 2014 data center industry survey. Uptime Institute. Available at: https://journal.uptimeinstitute.com/2014-data-center-industry-survey/ [2018-11-20].
Howard A.J., and Holmes J., (2012) Addressing data center efficiency: lessons learned from process evaluation of utility energy efficiency programs. Energy Efficiency 5. 137–148. Doi https://doi.org/10.1007/s12053-011-9128-4.
Article
Google Scholar
IEA (2017), Digitalization and energy, IEA Publications, Cedex, Paris.
IEA (2019). Data center and data transmission networks. Available at: https://www.iea.org/tcep/buildings/datacentres/ [2019-08-20].
IRENA. (2019). Renewable power generation costs in 2018. Abu Dhabi: International Renewable Energy Agency.
Google Scholar
Khalaj, A. B., & Halgamuge, S. K. (2017). A review on efficient thermal management of air- and liquid-cooled data centers: from chip to the cooling system. Applied Energy, 205, 1165–1188.
Article
Google Scholar
Kondziella H. and Bruckner T. (2016) Flexibility requirements of renewable energy based electricity systems – a review of research results and methodologies Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
Volume 53
, January 2016, Pages 10–22.
Koomey, J. (2008). Worldwide electricity used in data centers. Environmental Research Letters, 3(034008), September 23.
Google Scholar
Koomey, J. (2011). Growth in data center electricity use 2005 to 2010. Oakland, CA: Analytics Press July.
Google Scholar
Krioukov, A., Goebely, C., Alspaugh, S., Chen, Y., Culler, D. and Katz, R. (2011) Integrating renewable energy using data analytics systems: challenges and opportunities, IEEE Data Eng. Bull., 34(1), pp. 3–11.
Lechtenböhmer, S., Nilsson, L. J., Åhman, M., & Schneider, C. (2016). Decarbonising the energy intensive basic materials industry through electrification – Implications for future EU electricity demand. Energy, 115, 1623–1631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2016.07.110.
Article
Google Scholar
Liu, Z., Chen, Y., Bash, C., Wierman, A., Gmach, D., Wang, Z., Marwah, M., & Hyser, C. (2012). Renewable and cooling aware workload management for sustainable data centers. In Proceedings of the 12th ACM SIGMETRICS/PERFORMANCE joint international conference on Measurement and Modeling of Computer Systems.
Google Scholar
Liu, Z., Lin, M., Wierman, A., Low, S., Andrew, L. L. H., & Member, S. (2015). Greening geographical load balancing. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, 23(2), 657–671.
Article
Google Scholar
Lund, H., Werner, S., Wiltshire, R., Svendsen, S., Thorsen, E., Hvelplund, F., & Vad, M. B. (2014). 4th Generation District Heating (4GDH): integrating smart thermal grids into future sustainable energy systems. Energy, 68, 1–11.
Article
Google Scholar
Luo, X., Wang, J., Dooner, M., & Clarke, J. (2015). Overview of current development in electrical energy storage technologies and the application potential in power system operation. Applied Energy, 137, 511–536.
Article
Google Scholar
Ma, Z., Eichman, J., & Kurtz, J. (2018). Fuel cell backup power system for grid service and micro-grid in telecommunication applications: Preprint. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. NREL/CP-5500-70990.
Book
Google Scholar
Masanet, E., Brown, R., Shehabi, A., Koomey, J., & Nordman, B. (2011). Estimating the energy use and efficiency potential of U.S. Data Centers in Proceedings of the IEEE, 99(8), 1440–1453.
Google Scholar
Masanet E., Shehabi A., Ramakrishnan L., Liang J., Ma X., Walker B., Hendrix V. and Mantha P. (2013). The energy efficiency potential of cloud-based software: a U.S. case study. LBNL-6298E, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California.
Murshed, S. M. M., & de Castro, C. A. N. (2017). A critical review of traditional and emerging techniques and fluids for electronics cooling. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 78, 821–833.
Article
Google Scholar
Navigant (2017) Data centers and advanced microgrids: meeting resiliency, efficiency, and sustainability goals through smart and cleaner power infrastructure, Navigant report by Peter Asmus, commissioned by Schneider Electric.
Ni, J., & Bai, X. (2016). A review of air conditioning energy performance in data centers. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 67, 625–640.
Article
Google Scholar
Oró, E., Depoorter, V., Garcia, A., & Salom, J. (2015). Energy efficiency and renewable energy integration in data centres. Strategies and modelling review, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 42, 429–445.
Article
Google Scholar
Papaefthymiou, G., & Dragoon, K. (2016). Towards 100% renewable energy system: uncapping power system flexibility. Energy Policy, 92, 69–82.
Article
Google Scholar
Persson, U., Möller, B., & Werner, S. (2014). Heat roadmap Europe: identifying strategic heat synergy regions. Energy Policy, 74, 663–681.
Article
Google Scholar
Rahman A., Liu X. and Kong F. (2014). A survey on geographic load balancing based data center power management in the smart grid environment. Communications Surveys & Tutorials, IEEE. 16. 214–233.
Article
Google Scholar
Rong, H., Zhang, H., Xiao, S., Li, C., & Hu, C. (2016). Optimizing energy consumption for data centers. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 58, 674–691.
Article
Google Scholar
Schleisser-Tappesser, R. (2012). How renewables will change electricity markets in the next five years. Energy Policy, 48(2012), 64–75.
Article
Google Scholar
Shehabi, A., et al. (2016). United States data center energy usage report. Berkeley, CA. Available at: https://eta.lbl.gov/publications/united-states-data-center-energy.
Shi, Y., Xu, B., Wang, D., & Zhang, B. (2018). Using battery storage for peak shaving and frequency regulation: joint optimization for superlinear gains. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 33(3).
Shuja J., Gani A., Shamshirband S., Ahmad R.W. and Bilal K. (2016) Sustainable cloud data centers: a survey of enabling techniques and technologies, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 62, pages 195–214.
Article
Google Scholar
Stockholm Data Parks (2019). Our mission. Available at: https://stockholmdataparks.com/green-computing-redefined/ [2019-08-20].
The Economist. (2015). Ever more from Moore available, The Economist April 18. Available at: https://www.economist.com/business/2015/04/18/ever-more-from-moore
Toosi, A. N., Qu, C., de Assunção, M. D., & Buyya, R. (2017). Renewable-aware geographical load balancing of web applications for sustainable data centers. Journal of Network and Computer Applications., 83(January), 155–168.
Article
Google Scholar
Uptime Institute. (2018). Uptime institute global data center survey. Seattle, USA: Uptime Institute Available at: https://uptimeinstitute.com/2018-data-center-industry-survey-results.
Google Scholar
Van Heddeghem, W., Lambert, S., Lannoo, B., Colle, D., Pickavet, M., & Demeester, P. (2014). Trends in worldwide ICT electricity consumption from 2007 to 2012. Computer Communication, 50, 64–76.
Article
Google Scholar
Wahlroos, M., Pärssinen, M., Manner, J., & Syri, S. (2017). Utilizing data center heat in district heating – impacts on energy efficiency and prospects for low-temperature district heating networks. Energy, 140, 1228–1238.
Article
Google Scholar
Wahlroos M., Pärssinen M., Rinne S., Syri S:, Manner J (2018) Future views on waste heat utilization – case of data centers in Northern Europe. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 82, pp 1749–1764.
Article
Google Scholar
Waldrop M (2016) More than Moore, Nature, v 530, February 2016.
Wang N., Zhang J.F. and Xia X.H. (2013) Energy consumption of air conditioners at different temperature set points. Energy and Buildings 2013; 65: pp. 412–418.
Article
Google Scholar
Wong, H., Koomey, J., Berard, S., & Sanchez, M. (2011). Implications of historical trends in the electrical efficiency of computing. IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, 33(03), 46–54.
MathSciNet
Article
Google Scholar
Woodruff, J.Z., Brenner P., Buccellato A.P.C., Go D.B, (2013) Environmentally opportunistic computing: a distributed waste heat reutilization approach to energy-efficient buildings and data centers, Energy and Buildings (2013),
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2013.09.036
Article
Google Scholar
Zancanella, P. M., Bertoldi, P., & Boza-Kiss, B. (2018). Why is demand response not implemented in the EU? Status of demand response and recommendation to allow demand response to be fully integrated in energy markets. ECEEE 2017 SUMMER STUDY – CONSUMPTION, EFFICIENCY & LIMITS.
Zhang, H., Shao, S., Xu, H., Zou, H., & Tian, C. (2014). Free cooling of data centres: a review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 35, 171–182.
Article
Google Scholar