Abstract
The level of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is higher in the blood and brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), and this phenomenon is strongly linked to AD-related neuronal damage and β-amyloid (Aβ) generation. However, the mechanism by which LPS causes neuronal damage has still not been fully clarified. Oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and Ca2+ overload are regarded as important factors influencing AD. NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) and the NOD-like receptor family protein 1 (NLRP1) inflammasome play important roles in promoting oxidative stress and inflammation in neurons. Ca2+ overload can activate calcineurin (CN), which further dephosphorylates nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT), leading to its translocation into the nucleus to regulate gene transcription. In the present study, LPS (250 µg/kg) exposure for 14 days was used to induce cognitive dysfunction in mice and LPS (20 µg/ml) exposure for 48 h was used to induce neuronal damage in HT22 cells. The results showed that LPS exposure activated phospholipase C (PLC), CN, and NFAT1; increased the expressions of NOX2- and NLRP1-related proteins; and promoted neuronal damage and Aβ deposition in mice and HT22 cells. However, treatment with 2-APB (SOCE inhibitor), apocynin (NOX inhibitor), or tempol (reactive oxygen species scavenger) significantly reversed these LPS-induced changes, and improved neuronal damage and Aβ deposition. Moreover, LPS exposure promoted PLC phosphorylation, increased the level of inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate, elevated the intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i), and disrupted [Ca2+]i homeostasis in HT22 cells. These data indicated that the activation of SOCE-mediated NFAT1–NOX2–NLRP1 inflammasome involves in LPS-induced neuronal damage and Aβ generation.
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Data availability
The data from this manuscript are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Abbreviations
- LPS:
-
Lipopolysaccharide
- DAG:
-
Diacylglycerol
- AD:
-
Alzheimer's disease
- NOX2:
-
NADPH oxidase 2
- IP3:
-
Inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate
- SOCC:
-
Store-operated calcium channels
- SOCE:
-
Store-operated calcium entry
- CN:
-
Calcineurin
- NFAT1:
-
Nuclear factor of activated T cells 1
- 2-APB:
-
2-Aminoethyl diphenylborinate
- TLR4:
-
Toll-like receptor 4
- PLC:
-
Phospholipase C
- SOD:
-
Superoxide dismutase
- ROS:
-
Reactive oxygen species
- ALS:
-
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
- PSD95:
-
Postsynaptic density protein 95
- MWM:
-
Morris water maze
- [Ca2 +]i :
-
Intracellular Ca2+ concentration
- Aβ:
-
β-Amyloid
- IP3R:
-
Inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate receptor
- PIP2:
-
Phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate
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Acknowledgements
We would like to thank Zhirui Fang in the Department of Pharmacology and Dake Huang in the Synthetic Laboratory of Basic Medicine College for their technical assistance.
Funding
This study was supported by the Major projects of Anhui Provincial Department of Education (KJ2020ZD14), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81970630, 81671384) and Basic and Clinical Cooperative Research Promotion Program of Anhui Medical University (2019xkjT021).
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Z.S. performed the experiment, analyzed the data, and prepared the manuscript. X.L. and L.Y. performed the behavior test and collected the data. X.D., Y.H., and Y.L. helped to complete the experiment. J.L. and W.L. designed and directed the study and revised the manuscript.
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All experimental procedures were approved by the Ethics Committee for Experimental Animal Use and Care of Anhui Medical University.
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Supplementary Figure S2 The effects of 2-APB,apocynin and tempol treatment on apoptosis-related proteins in LPS-induced mice(Western blot). (A) The bands of Bax, cleaved-caspase-3 and Bcl-2 inhippocampus tissues; (B-D) The relative expressions of Bax, cleaved-caspase-3and Bcl-2. The data are expressed as mean ± SD, n = 4, **P<0.01compared with LPS group (JPG 487 KB)
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Supplementary Figure S3 LPS exposureincreases the level of ROS production in HT22 cells (DCFH-DA staining, 200×).(A) The effect of LPS (5, 10, 20 and 40 μg/ml) on ROS generation. (B) Theeffect of 2-APB, apocynin and tempol treatment on ROS generation in LPS-inducedHT22 cells. (C) Quantitative analysis of different doses of LPS on ROSgeneration. (D) Quantitative analysis of 2-APB, apocynin and tempol treatmenton ROS generation. The data are expressed as mean ± SD, n = 3, *P<0.05,**P<0.01 compared with control or LPS group (JPG 1922 KB)
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Supplementary Figure S4 Chronic LPS exposureincreases the expressions of NOX2 and NLRP1-related mRNAs in HT22 cells(q-PCR). (A-F) The relative mRNA levels of NOX2, p22phox, p47phox, NLRP1,caspase-1 and ASC in HT22 cells. The data are expressed as mean ± SD, n = 3, *P<0.05,**P<0.01 compared with LPS group (JPG 297 KB)
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Supplementary Figure S5 LPS increased IP3generation and the level of p-PLC in HT22 cells. (A) The levels of IP3 in HT22cells after LPS (20μg/ml) treatment for 5 min, 20 min and 48 h (ELISA, n = 3).(B) The bands of p-PLC and PLC after LPS (20μg/ml) treatment for 5 min, 20 minand 48 h (Western blot, n = 3). (C and D) The relative expressions of PLC andp-PLC. The data are expressed as mean ± SD, no significant (ns), *P<0.05,**P<0.01 compared with control group (JPG 451 KB)
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Supplementary Figure S6 VIVIT treatment decreases theexpressions of NFAT1, NLRP1 and NOX2 in LPS-induced HT22 cells (Western blot). (A) The bands of NFAT1, NLRP1and NOX2 in HT22 cells; (B-D) The relative expressions of NFAT1, NLRP1 andNOX2. The data are expressed as mean ± SD, n = 3, *P<0.05, **P<0.01 compared with LPS group (JPG 424 KB)
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Supplementary Figure S7 Chronic LPS exposureincreases the levels of NLRP3, NLRC4 and AIM2 in hippocampus tissues in mice(Western blot). (A) The bands of NLRP3, NLRC4 and AIM2 in hippocampus tissues;(B-D) The relative expressions of NLRP3, NLRC4 and AIM2. The data are expressed as mean ± SD, n = 4, *P<0.05, **P<0.01 compared with LPS group (JPG 576 KB)
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Sun, Z., Li, X., Yang, L. et al. SOCE-mediated NFAT1–NOX2–NLRP1 inflammasome involves in lipopolysaccharide-induced neuronal damage and Aβ generation. Mol Neurobiol 59, 3183–3205 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-021-02717-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-021-02717-y