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Glucose Metabolism, Hyperosmotic Stress, and Reprogramming of Somatic Cells

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Abstract

The availability of glucose and oxygen are important regulatory elements that help directing stem cell fate. In the undifferentiated state, stem cells, and their artificially reprogrammed equivalent-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) are characterized by limited oxidative capacity and active anaerobic glycolysis. Recent studies have shown that pluripotency—a characteristic of staminality—is associated with a poorly developed mitochondrial patrimony, while differentiation is accompanied by an activation of mitochondrial biogenesis. Besides being an important energy source in hypoxia, high glucose level results in hyperosmotic stress. The identification of specific metabolic pathways and biophysical factors that regulate stem cell fate, including high glucose in the extracellular medium, may therefore facilitate reprogramming efficiency and control the differentiation and fate of iPS cells, which are increasingly being explored as therapeutic tools. In this article, we review recent knowledge of the role of glucose metabolism and high glucose level as major anaerobic energy source, and a determinant of osmolarity as possible tools for reprogramming therapies in clinical applications. As in the diabetic setting hyperglycemia negatively affect the stem/progenitor cell fate and likely somatic reprogramming, we also discuss the in vivo potential transferability of the available in vitro findings.

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Acknowledgments

This study was supported by grants from the Istituto Nazionale Ricerche Cardiovascolari (INRC) and CARIPLO.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Texas Heart Institute, St. Luke’s Episcopal Hospital, Houston, TX, USA

    Rosalinda Madonna

  2. Institute of Cardiology, “G. d’Annunzio” University—Chieti, C/o Ospedale SS. Annunziata, Via dei Vestini, 66013, Chieti, Italy

    Rosalinda Madonna & Raffaele De Caterina

  3. Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary

    Peter Ferdinandy

  4. Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary

    Aniko Görbe & Peter Ferdinandy

  5. Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary

    Aniko Görbe

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Madonna, R., Görbe, A., Ferdinandy, P. et al. Glucose Metabolism, Hyperosmotic Stress, and Reprogramming of Somatic Cells. Mol Biotechnol 55, 169–178 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12033-013-9668-2

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