Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Risk of Cancer in Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Pitfalls in Oncologic Therapy

  • Review Article
  • Published:
Journal of Gastrointestinal Cancer Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Background

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), represented by ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, is an idiopathic condition caused by a dysregulated immune response to host intestinal microflora, leading to chronic relapsing intestinal inflammation. Individuals with IBD are more prone to die from several diseases, including cancer.

Methods

An extensive search was conducted of PubMed using the following medical subject heading-“inflammatory bowel disease” OR “Crohn’s disease” OR “ulcerative colitis” AND “cancer.”

Results

In this review article, we discuss the oncogenic mechanisms and genomics of colitis-associated colorectal cancer. Beyond this, we describe the multiple other malignancies that IBD patients are at risk for, discuss caveats in the screening and diagnosis of those cancers, and shed light on pitfalls on the management and treatment of cancer in IBD patients.

Conclusion

Patients, caregivers, and health professionals who deal with IBD must be educated on how to identify warning signs so that cancers can be diagnosed and treated as early as possible.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Abraham C, Cho JH. Mechanisms of disease. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:2066–78.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. Danese S, Fiocchi C. Etiopathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases. World J Gastroenterol: WJG. 2006;12(30):4807.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Jess T, Frisch M, Simonsen J. Trends in overall and cause-specific mortality among patients with inflammatory bowel disease from 1982 to 2010. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;11(1):43–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Greuter T, Vavricka S, König AO, Beaugerie L, Scharl M. Malignancies in inflammatory bowel disease. Digestion. 2020;101(1):136–45.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Terzić J, Grivennikov S, Karin E, Karin M. Inflammation and colon cancer. Gastroenterology. 2010;138(6):2101-2114.e5. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2010.01.058.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Rhodes JM, Campbell BJ. Inflammation and colorectal cancer: IBD-associated and sporadic cancer compared. Trends Mol Med. 2002;8(1):10–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Danese S, Mantovani A. Inflammatory bowel disease and intestinal cancer: a paradigm of the Yin-Yang interplay between inflammation and cancer. Oncogene. 2010;29(23):3313–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Beaugerie L. Inflammatory bowel disease therapies and cancer risk: where are we and where are we going? Gut. 2012;61(4):476–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Axelrad JE, Lichtiger S, Yajnik V. Inflammatory bowel disease and cancer: the role of inflammation, immunosuppression, and cancer treatment. World J Gastroenterol. 2016;22(20):4794.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Stidham RW, Higgins PD. Translational research in colorectal cancer: colorectal cancer in inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Colon Rectal Surg. 2018;31(3):168.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Kühn R, Löhler J, Rennick D, Rajewsky K, Müller W. Interleukin-10-deficient mice develop chronic enterocolitis. Cell. 1993;75(2):263–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Spencer SD, Di Marco F, Hooley J, et al. The orphan receptor CRF2-4 is an essential subunit of the interleukin 10 receptor. J Exp Med. 1998;187(4):571–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Berg DJ, Davidson N, Kühn R, et al. Enterocolitis and colon cancer in interleukin-10-deficient mice are associated with aberrant cytokine production and CD4 (+) TH1-like responses. J Clin Investig. 1996;98(4):1010–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Harnish DC, Albert LM, Leathurby Y, et al. Beneficial effects of estrogen treatment in the HLA-B27 transgenic rat model of inflammatory bowel disease. Am J PhysiolGastrointest Liver Physiol. 2004;286(1):G118-G125.

  15. Chen C, Gong X, Yang X, et al. The roles of estrogen and estrogen receptors in gastrointestinal disease. Oncol Lett. 2019;18(6):5673–80.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Axelrad JE, Bazarbashi A, Zhou J, et al. Hormone therapy for cancer is a risk factor for relapse of inflammatory bowel diseases. Clin Gastroenterol Hepa. 2020;18(4):872–880. e1.

  17. Li Y, Kundu P, Seow SW, et al. Gut microbiota accelerate tumor growth via c-jun and STAT3 phosphorylation in APC Min/+ mice. Carcinogenesis. 2012;33(6):1231–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Keller D, Windsor A, Cohen R, Chand M. Colorectal cancer in inflammatory bowel disease: review of the evidence. Tech Coloproctol. 2019;23(1):3–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Wick EC, Rabizadeh S, Albesiano E, et al. Stat3 activation in murine colitis induced by enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2014;20(5):821–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Wu S, Rhee K-J, Albesiano E, et al. A human colonic commensal promotes colon tumorigenesis via activation of T helper type 17 T cell responses. Nat Med. 2009;15(9):1016–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Beaugerie L, Itzkowitz SH. Cancers complicating inflammatory bowel disease. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(15):1441–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Ekbom A, Helmick C, Zack M, Adami H-O. Ulcerative colitis and colorectal cancer: a population-based study. N Engl J Med. 1990;323(18):1228–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Jess T, Simonsen J, Jørgensen KT, Pedersen BV, Nielsen NM, Frisch M. Decreasing risk of colorectal cancer in patients with inflammatory bowel disease over 30 years. Gastroenterology. 2012;143(2):375–381. e1.

  24. Söderlund S, Brandt L, Lapidus A, et al. Decreasing time-trends of colorectal cancer in a large cohort of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology. 2009;136(5):1561–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Lutgens MW, van Oijen MG, van der Heijden GJ, Vleggaar FP, Siersema PD, Oldenburg B. Declining risk of colorectal cancer in inflammatory bowel disease: an updated meta-analysis of population-based cohort studies. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013;19(4):789–99.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Wijnands AM, de Jong ME, Lutgens MW, et al. Prognostic factors for advanced colorectal neoplasia in inflammatory bowel disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastroenterology. 2021;160(5):1584–98.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2019. CA: a Cancer J Clin. 2019;69(1):7–34.

  28. Jess T, Gamborg M, Matzen P, Munkholm P, Sørensen TI. Increased risk of intestinal cancer in Crohn’s disease: a meta-analysis of population-based cohort studies. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;100(12):2724–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Canavan C, Abrams K, Mayberry J. Meta-analysis: colorectal and small bowel cancer risk in patients with Crohn’s disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006;23(8):1097–104.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Munkholm P, Langholz E, Davidsen M, Binder V. Intestinal cancer risk and mortality in patients with Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology. 1993;105(6):1716–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Elriz K, Carrat F, Carbonnel F, et al. Incidence, presentation, and prognosis of small bowel adenocarcinoma in patients with small bowel Crohn’s disease: a prospective observational study. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013;19(9):1823–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Jess T, Winther K, Munkholm P, Langholz E, Binder V. Intestinal and extra-intestinal cancer in Crohn’s disease: follow-up of a population-based cohort in Copenhagen County. Denmark Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics. 2004;19(3):287–93.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Laukoetter MG, Mennigen R, Hannig CM, et al. Intestinal cancer risk in Crohn’s disease: a meta-analysis. J Gastrointest Surg. 2011;15(4):576–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Khan SA, Davidson BR, Goldin RD, et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of cholangiocarcinoma: an update. Gut. 2012;61(12):1657–69.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Annese V, Beaugerie L, Egan L, et al. European evidence-based consensus: inflammatory bowel disease and malignancies. J Crohns Colitis. 2015;9(11):945–65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Hirschfield GM, Karlsen TH, Lindor KD, Adams DH. Primary sclerosing cholangitis. The Lancet. 2013;382(9904):1587–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Bergquist A, Ekbom A, Olsson R, et al. Hepatic and extrahepatic malignancies in primary sclerosing cholangitis. J Hepatol. 2002;36(3):321–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Doherty B, Nambudiri VE, Palmer WC. Update on the diagnosis and treatment of cholangiocarcinoma. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2017;19(1):2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Huai J-P, Ding J, Ye X-H, Chen Y-P. Inflammatory bowel disease and risk of cholangiocarcinoma: evidence from a meta-analysis of population-based studies. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2014;15(8):3477–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Erichsen R, Jepsen P, Vilstrup H, Ekbom A, Sørensen HT. Incidence and prognosis of cholangiocarcinoma in Danish patients with and without inflammatory bowel disease: a national cohort study, 1978–2003. Eur J Epidemiol. 2009;24(9):513–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Welzel TM, Mellemkjaer L, Gloria G, et al. Risk factors for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in a low-risk population: a nationwide case-control study. Int J Cancer. 2007;120(3):638–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Manninen P, Karvonen A-L, Laukkarinen J, Aitola P, Huhtala H, Collin P. Colorectal cancer and cholangiocarcinoma in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis and inflammatory bowel disease. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2015;50(4):423–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Slesser A, Bhangu A, Bower M, Goldin R, Tekkis P. A systematic review of anal squamous cell carcinoma in inflammatory bowel disease. Surg Oncol. 2013;22(4):230–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Greenstein AJ, Gennuso R, Sachar DB, et al. Extraintestinal cancers in inflammatory bowel disease. Cancer. 1985;56(12):2914–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Lewis JD, Bilker WB, Brensinger C, Deren JJ, Vaughn DJ, Strom BL. Inflammatory bowel disease is not associated with an increased risk of lymphoma. Gastroenterology. 2001;121(5):1080–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Garg SK, Velayos FS, Kisiel JB. Intestinal and nonintestinal cancer risks for patients with Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterol Clin. 2017;46(3):515–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Kotlyar DS, Lewis JD, Beaugerie L, et al. Risk of lymphoma in patients with inflammatory bowel disease treated with azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine: a meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepat. 2015;13(5):847–858. e4.

  48. Sokol H, Beaugerie L, Maynadié M, et al. Excess primary intestinal lymphoproliferative disorders in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2012;18(11):2063–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Lopez A, Mounier M, Bouvier A-M, et al. Increased risk of acute myeloid leukemias and myelodysplastic syndromes in patients who received thiopurine treatment for inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;12(8):1324–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Pedersen N, Duricova D, Elkjaer M, Gamborg M, Munkholm P, Jess T. Risk of extra-intestinal cancer in inflammatory bowel disease: meta-analysis of population-based cohort studies. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010;105(7):1480–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Algaba A, Guerra I, Marín-Jiménez I, et al. Incidence, management, and course of cancer in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. J Crohns Colitis. 2015;9(4):326–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Singh S, Nagpal SJS, Murad MH, et al. Inflammatory bowel disease is associated with an increased risk of melanoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;12(2):210–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Wang P, Yan H, Wang Z, Dai L, Xu S, Wang B. Inflammatory bowel disease and risk of cervical cancer: a meta-analysis. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2014;29(8):1023–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Ou B, Zhao J, Guan S, Lu A. Survival of colorectal cancer in patients with or without inflammatory bowel disease: a meta-analysis. Dig Dis Sci. 2016;61(3):881–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Allegretti JR, Barnes EL, Cameron A. Are patients with inflammatory bowel disease on chronic immunosuppressive therapy at increased risk of cervical high-grade dysplasia/cancer? A meta-analysis Inflammatory bowel diseases. 2015;21(5):1089–97.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Gutierrez-Dalmau A, Campistol JM. Immunosuppressive therapy and malignancy in organ transplant recipients. Drugs. 2007;67(8):1167–98.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Pasternak B, Svanström H, Schmiegelow K, Jess T, Hviid A. Use of azathioprine and the risk of cancer in inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Epidemiol. 2013;177(11):1296–305.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Bae SI, Kim YS. Colon cancer screening and surveillance in inflammatory bowel disease. Clinical endoscopy. 2014;47(6):509.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  59. Clarke WT, Feuerstein JD. Colorectal cancer surveillance in inflammatory bowel disease: practice guidelines and recent developments. World J Gastroenterol. 2019;25(30):4148.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  60. Bye WA, Ma C, Nguyen TM, Parker CE, Jairath V, East JE. Strategies for detecting colorectal cancer in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2018;113(12):1801–1809. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41395-018-0354-7

  61. Shergill AK, Lightdale JR, Bruining DH, et al. The role of endoscopy in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastrointestinal Endos. 2015;81(5):1101–1121. e13.

  62. Magro F, Gionchetti P, Eliakim R, et al. Third European evidence-based consensus on diagnosis and management of ulcerative colitis. Part 1: definitions, diagnosis, extra-intestinal manifestations, pregnancy, cancer surveillance, surgery, and ileo-anal pouch disorders. J Crohn's Colitis. 2017;11(6):649–670.

  63. Laine L, Kaltenbach T, Barkun A, et al. SCENIC international consensus statement on surveillance and management of dysplasia in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastrointest Endos. 2015;81(3):489–501. e26.

  64. Farraye FA, Odze RD, Eaden J, Itzkowitz SH. AGA technical review on the diagnosis and management of colorectal neoplasia in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology. 2010;138(2):746–774. e4.

  65. Gomollón F, Dignass A, Annese V, et al. 3rd European evidence-based consensus on the diagnosis and management of Crohn’s disease 2016: part 1: diagnosis and medical management. J Crohns Colitis. 2017;11(1):3–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Clarke WT, Feuerstein JD. Updates in colorectal cancer screening in inflammatory bowel disease. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2018;34(4):208–16.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Buchner AM, Shahid MW, Heckman MG, et al. High-definition colonoscopy detects colorectal polyps at a higher rate than standard white-light colonoscopy. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;8(4):364–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Soetikno R, Subramanian V, Kaltenbach T, et al. The detection of nonpolypoid (flat and depressed) colorectal neoplasms in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology. 2013;144(7):1349–52, 1352. e1.

  69. Feuerstein JD, Rakowsky S, Sattler L, et al. Meta-analysis of dye-based chromoendoscopy compared with standard-and high-definition white-light endoscopy in patients with inflammatory bowel disease at increased risk of colon cancer. Gastrointest Endos. 2019;90(2):186–195. e1.

  70. Bisschops R, East JE, Hassan C, et al. Advanced imaging for detection and differentiation of colorectal neoplasia: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Guideline - Update 2019. Endoscopy. 12 2019;51(12):1155–1179. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1031-7657

  71. Marsh JW Jr, Iwatsuki S, Makowka L, et al. Orthotopic liver transplantation for primary sclerosing cholangitis. Ann Surg. 1988;207(1):21.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  72. Razumilava N, Gores GJ, Lindor KD. Cancer surveillance in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Hepatology. 2011;54(5):1842–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. ChapmanR F. Diagnosisandmanage ˄mentofprimarysclerosingcholangitis. Hepatology. 2010;51(2):660.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Liver EAftSot. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: management of cholestatic liver diseases. J Hepatol. Aug 2009;51(2):237–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2009.04.009

  75. Annese V. Small bowel adenocarcinoma in Crohn’s disease: an underestimated risk? : Oxford University Press UK; 2020.

  76. Axelrad J, Kriplani A, Ozbek U, et al. Chemotherapy tolerance and oncologic outcomes in patients with colorectal cancer with and without inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Colorectal Cancer. 2017;16(3):e205–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Dugum M, Lin J, Lopez R, et al. Recurrence and survival rates of inflammatory bowel disease-associated colorectal cancer following postoperative chemotherapy: a comparative study. Gastroenterology report. 2017;5(1):57–61.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Axelrad JE, Fowler SA, Friedman S, Ananthakrishnan AN, Yajnik V. Effects of cancer treatment on inflammatory bowel disease remission and reactivation. Clin Gastroenterol Hepa. 2012;10(9):1021–1027. e1.

  79. Ramsey M, Krishna SG, Stanich PP, et al. Inflammatory bowel disease adversely impacts colorectal cancer surgery short-term outcomes and health-care resource utilization. Clin Translational Gastroenterol. 2017;8(11):e127.

  80. Hammoudi N, Eveno C, Lambert J, et al. Inflammatory bowel disease drastically affects the prognosis of patients treated for peritoneal metastases with combined cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy: a multicenter study. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2018;44(6):799–804.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Naito A, Mizushima T, Takeyama H, et al. Feasibility of chemotherapy in patients with inflammatory bowel disease-related gastrointestinal cancer. Hepatogastroenterology. 2014;61(132):942–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Tiersten A, Saltz LB. Influence of inflammatory bowel disease on the ability of patients to tolerate systemic fluorouracil-based chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol. 1996;14(7):2043–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Di Costanzo F, Bartolucci R, Padalino D, Brugia M, Buzzi F. High-dose folinic acid and 5-fluorouracil in advanced colorectal cancer. Cancer Invest. 1988;6(2):133–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Buroker TR, O’Connell MJ, Wieand HS, et al. Randomized comparison of two schedules of fluorouracil and leucovorin in the treatment of advanced colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 1994;12(1):14–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Leung G, Papademetriou M, Chang S, Arena F, Katz S. Interactions between inflammatory bowel disease drugs and chemotherapy. Current treatment options in gastroenterology. 2016;14(4):507–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Marthey L, Mateus C, Mussini C, et al. Cancer immunotherapy with anti-CTLA-4 monoclonal antibodies induces an inflammatory bowel disease. J Crohns Colitis. 2016;10(4):395–401.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  87. Abu-Sbeih H, Faleck DM, Ricciuti B, et al. Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy in patients with preexisting inflammatory bowel disease. J Clin Oncol. 02 2020;38(6):576–583. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.19.01674

  88. Bosch SL, van Rooijen SJ, Bökkerink GM, et al. Acute toxicity and surgical complications after preoperative (chemo) radiation therapy for rectal cancer in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Radiother Oncol. 2017;123(1):147–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. White EC, Murphy JD, Chang DT, Koong AC. Low toxicity in inflammatory bowel disease patients treated with abdominal and pelvic radiation therapy. Am J Clin Oncol. 2015;38(6):564–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Mudgway R, Bryant AK, Heide ES, et al. A matched case-control analysis of clinical outcomes for patients with inflammatory bowel disease and rectal cancer treated with pelvic radiation therapy. Int J Radiation Oncol* Biol* Phys. 2019;105(5):994–1004.

  91. Annede P, Seisen T, Klotz C, et al. Inflammatory bowel diseases activity in patients undergoing pelvic radiation therapy. J Gastrointest Oncol. 2017;8(1):173.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Instituto Oncoclínicas, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

    Renata D. Peixoto, Artur R. Ferreira, João P. Fogacci, João P. Vasconcelos & Alexandre A. Jácome

  2. Dana farber cancer institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA

    James M. Cleary

Authors
  1. Renata D. Peixoto
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Artur R. Ferreira
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. James M. Cleary
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. João P. Fogacci
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. João P. Vasconcelos
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Alexandre A. Jácome
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Renata D. Peixoto.

Ethics declarations

Ethical Approval

This was a review article with no ethical deviations.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Peixoto, R.D., Ferreira, A.R., Cleary, J.M. et al. Risk of Cancer in Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Pitfalls in Oncologic Therapy. J Gastrointest Canc 54, 357–367 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12029-022-00816-0

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12029-022-00816-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation