Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, parathyroid hormone, and their association with metabolic syndrome in Chinese

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Endocrine Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Increasing evidence suggests that 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels are associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS). In 2010, we explored the association of serum 25(OH)D and PTH levels with MetS in 1,390 Chinese participants, aged 20–83 years. Anthropometric phenotypes, blood pressure, and the incidence of MetS were evaluated. In addition, serum lipids, 25(OH)D, and PTH were measured. The median concentration of 25(OH)D and PTH were 55.3 nmol/l and 2.8 pmol/l, respectively. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (<50 nmol/l) was 39.9 %, with 34.5 % in men and 47.8 % in women. After accounting for confounding factors and serum PTH, a 10 nmol/l higher serum 25(OH)D level was associated with a 10 % lower risk of MetS (OR = 0.90, 95 % CI 0.84–0.96, P = 0.0007). Furthermore, participants with vitamin D sufficiency had a 35 % lower risk of MetS than those with vitamin D deficiency (OR = 0.65, 95 % CI 0.51–0.84, P = 0.0009). PTH was not associated with the risk of MetS after adjustment for confounding factors. These results were confirmed in both men and women. Thus in this cohort of Chinese individuals, vitamin D deficiency is common and optimal vitamin D level is inversely associated with MetS, independent of several confounders and PTH level. The clinical significance of these findings warrants further study.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

25(OH)D:

25-hydroxyvitamin D

PTH:

Parathyroid hormone

MetS:

Metabolic syndrome

GFR:

Glomerular filtration rate

OR:

Odds ratio

95 % CI:

95 % Confidence interval

References

  1. B. Isomaa, P. Almgren, T. Tuomi, B. Forsen, K. Lahti, M. Nissen, M.R. Taskinen, L. Groop, Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality associated with the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care 24, 683–689 (2001)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. H.M. Lakka, D.E. Laaksonen, T.A. Lakka, L.K. Niskanen, E. Kumpusalo, J. Tuomilehto, J.T. Salonen, The metabolic syndrome and total and cardiovascular disease mortality in middle-aged men. JAMA 288, 2709–2716 (2002)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. E.S. Ford, Risks for all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes associated with the metabolic syndrome: a summary of the evidence. Diabetes Care 28, 1769–1778 (2005)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. P.W. Wilson, R.B. D’Agostino, H. Parise, L. Sullivan, J.B. Meigs, Metabolic syndrome as a precursor of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Circulation 112, 3066–3072 (2005)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. N. Vilarrasa, J. Vendrell, J. Maravall, I. Elio, E. Solano, J.P. San, I. Garcia, N. Virgili, J. Soler, J.M. Gomez, Is plasma 25(OH)D related to adipokines, inflammatory cytokines and insulin resistance in both a healthy and morbidly obese population. Endocrine 38, 235–242 (2010)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. E. Kamycheva, V. Berg, R. Jorde, Insulin-like growth factor I, growth hormone, and insulin sensitivity: the effects of a one-year cholecalciferol supplementation in middle-aged overweight and obese subjects. Endocrine (2012). [Epub ahead of print]

  7. T. Skaaby, L.L.N. Husemoen, C. Pisinger, T. Jorgensen, B.H. Thuesen, M. Fenger, A. Linneberg, Vitamin D status and changes in cardiovascular risk factors: a prospective study of a general population. Cardiology 123, 62–70 (2012)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. T. Skaaby, L.L. Husemoen, C. Pisinger, T. Jorgensen, B.H. Thuesen, M. Fenger, A. Linneberg, Vitamin D status and incident cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality: a general population study. Endocrine (2012). [Epub ahead of print]

  9. M.K. Kim, K.M. Il, O.K. Won, H.S. Kwon, J.H. Lee, W.C. Lee, K.H. Yoon, H.Y. Son, The association of serum vitamin D level with presence of metabolic syndrome and hypertension in middle-aged Korean subjects. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf) 73, 330–338 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. E.S. Ford, U.A. Ajani, L.C. McGuire, S. Liu, Concentrations of serum vitamin D and the metabolic syndrome among US adults. Diabetes Care 28, 1228–1230 (2005)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. J.I. Botella-Carretero, F. Alvarez-Blasco, J.J. Villafruela, J.A. Balsa, C. Vazquez, H.F. Escobar-Morreale, Vitamin D deficiency is associated with the metabolic syndrome in morbid obesity. Clin. Nutr. 26, 573–580 (2007)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. J.P. Reis, D. von Mühlen, E.R. Miller III, Relation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and parathyroid hormone levels with metabolic syndrome among US adults. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 159, 41–48 (2008)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. E.S. Ford, G. Zhao, C. Li, W.S. Pearson, Serum concentrations of vitamin D and parathyroid hormone and prevalent metabolic syndrome among adults in the United States. J Diabetes 1, 296–303 (2009)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. D.M. Lee, M.K. Rutter, T.W. O’Neill, S. Boonen, D. Vanderschueren, R. Bouillon, G. Bartfai, F.F. Casanueva, J.D. Finn, G. Forti, A. Giwercman, T.S. Han, I.T. Huhtaniemi, K. Kula, M.E. Lean, N. Pendleton, M. Punab, A.J. Silman, F.C. Wu, Vitamin D, parathyroid hormone and the metabolic syndrome in middle-aged and older European men. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 161, 947–954 (2009)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. L. Lu, Z. Yu, A. Pan, F.B. Hu, O.H. Franco, H. Li, X. Li, X. Yang, Y. Chen, X. Lin, Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and metabolic syndrome among middle-aged and elderly Chinese individuals. Diabetes Care 32, 1278–1283 (2009)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. S. Kayaniyil, R. Vieth, S.B. Harris, R. Retnakaran, J.A. Knight, H.C. Gerstein, B.A. Perkins, B. Zinman, A.J. Hanley, Association of 25(OH)D and PTH with metabolic syndrome and its traditional and nontraditional components. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 96, 168–175 (2011)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. J.P. Reis, D. von Mühlen, D. Kritz-Silverstein, D.L. Wingard, E. Barrett-Connor, Vitamin D, parathyroid hormone levels, and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in community-dwelling older adults. Diabetes Care 30, 1549–1555 (2007)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. S. Rueda, C. Fernandez–Fernandez, F. Romero, J. de Martínez Osaba, J. Vidal, Vitamin D, PTH, and the metabolic syndrome in severely obese subjects. Obes. Surg. 18, 151–154 (2008)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. J. Hjelmesaeth, D. Hofso, E.T. Aasheim, T. Jenssen, J. Moan, H. Hager, J. Roislien, J. Bollerslev, Parathyroid hormone, but not vitamin D, is associated with the metabolic syndrome in morbidly obese women and men: a cross-sectional study. Cardiovasc Diabetol 8, 7 (2009)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. T. Ahlstrom, E. Hagstrom, A. Larsson, C. Rudberg, L. Lind, P. Hellman, Correlation between plasma calcium, parathyroid hormone (PTH) and the metabolic syndrome (MetS) in a community-based cohort of men and women. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf) 71, 673–678 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. R. Jorde, J. Svartberg, J. Sundsfjord, Serum parathyroid hormone as a predictor of increase in systolic blood pressure in men. J. Hypertens. 23, 1639–1644 (2005)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. D. Gu, K. Reynolds, X. Wu, J. Chen, X. Duan, R.F. Reynolds, P.K. Whelton, J. He, Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and overweight among adults in China. Lancet 365, 1398–1405 (2005)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. W. Yang, K. Reynolds, D. Gu, J. Chen, J. He, A comparison of two proposed definitions for metabolic syndrome in the Chinese adult population. Am. J. Med. Sci. 334, 184–189 (2007)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. M.F. Holick, Resurrection of vitamin D deficiency and rickets. J. Clin. Invest. 116, 2062–2072 (2006)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. J.P. Wielders, F.A. Wijnberg, Preanalytical stability of 25(OH)-vitamin D3 in human blood or serum at room temperature: solid as a rock. Clin. Chem. 55, 1584–1585 (2009)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. M.C. Ocke, J. Schrijver, B.G.L. Obermann-de, B.P. Bloemberg, G.R. Haenen, D. Kromhout, Stability of blood (pro)vitamins during four years of storage at −20 degrees C: consequences for epidemiologic research. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 48, 1077–1085 (1995)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. A.C. Ross, J.E. Manson, S.A. Abrams, J.F. Aloia, P.M. Brannon, S.K. Clinton, R.A. Durazo-Arvizu, J.C. Gallagher, R.L. Gallo, G. Jones, C.S. Kovacs, S.T. Mayne, C.J. Rosen, S.A. Shapses, The 2011 report on dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D from the Institute of Medicine: what clinicians need to know. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 96, 53–58 (2011)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. A.S. Levey, J. Coresh, E. Balk, A.T. Kausz, A. Levin, M.W. Steffes, R.J. Hogg, R.D. Perrone, J. Lau, G. Eknoyan, National Kidney Foundation practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification. Ann. Intern. Med. 139, 137–147 (2003)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. S.M. Grundy, J.I. Cleeman, S.R. Daniels, K.A. Donato, R.H. Eckel, B.A. Franklin, D.J. Gordon, R.M. Krauss, P.J. Savage, S.C. Smith Jr, J.A. Spertus, F. Costa, Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: an American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement. Circulation 112, 2735–2752 (2005)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. H. Zhuang, Y. Lin, G. Yang, Effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on proliferation and differentiation of porcine preadipocyte in vitro. Chem. Biol. Interact. 170, 114–123 (2007)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. P.M. Bourlon, B. Billaudel, A. Faure-Dussert, Influence of vitamin D3 deficiency and 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 on de novo insulin biosynthesis in the islets of the rat endocrine pancreas. J. Endocrinol. 160, 87–95 (1999)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. M. Kajikawa, H. Ishida, S. Fujimoto, E. Mukai, M. Nishimura, J. Fujita, Y. Tsuura, Y. Okamoto, A.W. Norman, Y. Seino, An insulinotropic effect of vitamin D analog with increasing intracellular Ca2+ concentration in pancreatic beta-cells through nongenomic signal transduction. Endocrinology 140, 4706–4712 (1999)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. M.B. Zemel, H. Shi, B. Greer, D. Dirienzo, P.C. Zemel, Regulation of adiposity by dietary calcium. FASEB J. 14, 1132–1138 (2000)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. A. Zittermann, S. Frisch, H.K. Berthold, C. Gotting, J. Kuhn, K. Kleesiek, P. Stehle, H. Koertke, R. Koerfer, Vitamin D supplementation enhances the beneficial effects of weight loss on cardiovascular disease risk markers. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 89, 1321–1327 (2009)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. H.J. Cho, H.C. Kang, S.A. Choi, Y.C. Ju, H.S. Lee, H.J. Park, The possible role of Ca2+ on the activation of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein in rat hepatocytes. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 28, 1418–1423 (2005)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. R. Jorde, Y. Figenschau, M. Hutchinson, N. Emaus, G. Grimnes, High serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are associated with a favorable serum lipid profile. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 64, 1457–1464 (2010)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. J. Wortsman, L.Y. Matsuoka, T.C. Chen, Z. Lu, M.F. Holick, Decreased bioavailability of vitamin D in obesity. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 72, 690–693 (2000)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology (30960137) supported this research. The authors gratefully acknowledge the voluntary participation of all study subjects and the technical assistance of Xue-Yan Li, Xiao Dong, Xiao-Ping Wang, Yong-Lin Yang, and Shu-Huai Xu.

Conflict of interest

None of the authors have a conflict of interest with regard to the data presented in this paper.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Internal Medicine, Dali University School of Clinical Medicine, Jiashibo Road 32, Dali, 671000, Yunnan, China

    Li-Hua Li, Xue-Yan Yin, Chao-Yong Yao, Xue-Chuang Zhu & Xin-Hua Wu

Authors
  1. Li-Hua Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Xue-Yan Yin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Chao-Yong Yao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Xue-Chuang Zhu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Xin-Hua Wu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Li-Hua Li.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Li, LH., Yin, XY., Yao, CY. et al. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, parathyroid hormone, and their association with metabolic syndrome in Chinese. Endocrine 44, 465–472 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-013-9885-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-013-9885-2

Keywords

Search

Navigation