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The Role of Phthalocyanine-Gold Nanoconjugates (Pc-Au NCs) in Ameliorating the Hepatic and Renal Toxicity-Induced by Silver Nanoparticles (Ag NPs) in Male Rats

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Abstract

Recently, gold nanoparticles (Au Nps) have gained tremendous attention for its unique properties as a safe nanocarrier for delivering drugs that are used in different disease diagnoses. Although silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) have been generally applied due to their strong antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, and antimicrobial properties, their toxicity is a subject of sustained debate, thus requiring further studies. The present study aims to evaluate the potential protective effect of gold nanoparticles and phthalocyanine-gold nanoconjugates (Pc-Au NCs) against the hepatorenal toxicity of silver nanoparticles in male rats. Herein, 60 adult male Rattus norvegicus rats were divided into six equal groups (n = 10/group); the first group was kept as control, the second received gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) intraperitoneally (10 µg/kg) daily for 3 weeks, the third group is gold-phthalocyanine (Pc-Au) group where rats were injected intraperitoneally with gold-phthalocyanine for 3 weeks (10 µg/kg), the fourth group received silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) (4 mg/kg) daily intraperitoneally for 3 weeks, the fifth group is silver + gold nanoparticles group (Ag + Au), and the sixth is silver + gold-phthalocyanine nanoconjugates (Ag + Pc-Au) group in which rats were intraperitoneally injected firstly with Ag NPs (4 mg/kg) for 3 weeks then with gold or gold-phthalocyanine for another 3 weeks (10 µg/kg). Our results revealed that Ag NPs could increase the serum AST, ALT, ALP, urea, creatinine, and lipid profile and significantly decreased the total protein and albumin. Moreover, histopathological alterations detected in the kidney and the liver of the Ag NPs group included vascular congestion, inflammatory cell infiltration, and tissue distortion. Alongside, exposure to Ag NPs induces hepatic and renal oxidative stress by suppressing the antioxidant-related genes including glutathione peroxidase 1 (gpx1), superoxide dismutase (sod), and catalase (cat). Ag NPs also upregulated the hepatic and renal genes involved in inflammation such as the interleukin-6 (il-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (tnf-α), nuclear factor kappa B (nf-κβ), apoptosis such as the BCL2 associated X (bax), casp3, and other related to metabolism including asparagine synthetase (asns), suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (socs3), MYC proto-oncogene (myc), and C–C motif chemokine ligand 2 (ccl2). On the other hand, treatment with Au NPs and Pc-Au NCs could effectively ameliorate the hepatorenal damages induced by Ag NPs and improve liver and kidney architecture and function, especially in the Pc-Au NCs group. Briefly, our study revealed the underlined mechanism of Ag NPs hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic effects and that Pc-Au NCs could alleviate these adverse impacts via their anti-oxidative, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory activities.

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Data Availability

The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by Researchers Supporting Project (RSPD2024R731), King Saud University (Riyadh, Saudi Arabia).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt

    Heba A. H. Abd Elhameed

  2. Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt

    Mai S. Attia & Suzan Attia Mawed

  3. Department of Animal Production, College of Environmental Agricultural Science, Arish University, Al-Arish, North Sinai, Egypt

    Amira A. A. Mohamed

  4. Department of Laser Application in Metrology, Photochemistry, and Agriculture, National Institute of Laser Enhanced Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt

    Shaimaa M. I. Alexeree

  5. Anatomy and Embryology Department, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt

    Eman I. El Behery

  6. Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt

    Mahmoud Alagawany

  7. Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt

    Mayada R. Farag

  8. School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62024, Matelica, Italy

    Alessandro Di Cerbo

  9. Department of Animal Production, College of Food & Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Mahmoud M. Azzam

Authors
  1. Heba A. H. Abd Elhameed
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  2. Mai S. Attia
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  3. Amira A. A. Mohamed
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  4. Shaimaa M. I. Alexeree
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  5. Eman I. El Behery
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  6. Mahmoud Alagawany
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  7. Mayada R. Farag
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  8. Alessandro Di Cerbo
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  9. Mahmoud M. Azzam
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  10. Suzan Attia Mawed
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Contributions

All authors contributed equally to all works conducted in the present study. All authors have drafted, reviewed, revised, and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Mahmoud Alagawany or Suzan Attia Mawed.

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Abd Elhameed, H.A.H., Attia, M.S., Mohamed, A.A.A. et al. The Role of Phthalocyanine-Gold Nanoconjugates (Pc-Au NCs) in Ameliorating the Hepatic and Renal Toxicity-Induced by Silver Nanoparticles (Ag NPs) in Male Rats. Biol Trace Elem Res (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-024-04209-1

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