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Immunomodulation, Fish Health and Resistance to Staphylococcus aureus of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Fed Diet Supplemented with Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Zinc Acetate

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Abstract

Recently some metal-based nanoparticles have gained serious attention from aquaculture and the fish feed industry as feed supplements. Oral supplementation of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) in fish feed, replacing Zn acetate (conventionally used zinc), is suggested as a cost-effective and efficient approach. Our study assessed the response of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, fingerlings after its diet supplemented with chemically synthesized ZnO-NPs and zinc acetate under controlled conditions. ZnO-NPs were chemically synthesized and characterized. Tilapia fingerlings with an average body weight of 09.12 ± 1.23 g were randomly distributed into five groups. An 8-week trial was set with control and four experimental groups. Basal diet (D1) was used as control, whereas D2, D3 and D4 comprising 20, 40, and 60 mgkg−1 ZnO-NPs supplementation were experimental diets. Additionally, D5 was composed of a basal diet supplemented with 40 mgkg−1 of conventionally used zinc acetate. Significant improvement (P < 0.05) was found in nanoparticles and Zn acetate supplemented groups as compared to control, while the 40 mgkg−1 Zn-NPs supplemented diet (D3) showed best performance in terms of health parameters, oxidative status and disease resistance. Antioxidant profiling was based on catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione’s transferase, and malondialdehyde; hematology included Hb, WBCs, RBCs, HCT MCV, MCH and MCHC; immunological parameters comprised IgM, lysozyme activity, phagocytic activity, respiratory burst activity, cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, glucose content, and total serum proteins. We report that the D3 (40 mgkg−1 ZnO-NPs supplementation) significantly (P < 0.05) improved health-related parameters as compared to the other groups. Moreover, D3 also showed significantly decreased mortality percentage when challenged by Staphylococcus aureus, while the Zn acetate supplemented diet group showed better results as compared to control. Overall results suggest the basal diet supplemented with 40 mgkg−1 ZnO-NP for enhanced health parameters, oxidative status, immune response, and disease resistance. Hence, 40mgkg−1 ZnO-NP can be recommended to formulate the practical diet of fish to boost health improvement, immunomodulation, and resistance to bacterial disease.

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Data Availability

All materials and datasets in this study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Author notes

  1. Atif Yaqub and Muhammad Nasir contributed equally to the research work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Fish Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Punjab, Pakistan

    Atif Yaqub, Muhammad Nasir, Iqra Majeed & Aneeza Arif

  2. Aquaculture Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Sialkot, Sialkot, 51040, Punjab, Pakistan

    Muhammad Kamran

Authors
  1. Atif Yaqub
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  2. Muhammad Nasir
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  3. Muhammad Kamran
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  4. Iqra Majeed
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  5. Aneeza Arif
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Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design.

The study plan, supervision and final drafts were reviewed and edited by AY, the laboratory work analysis and first drafts of manuscript were done by MN and MK. The experiment was performed and data was collected by MN and AA; statistical analysis and interpretation were done by IM and MK. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Atif Yaqub.

Ethics declarations

Ethical Approval

All experimental procedures were approved by the Institutional Bioethics Committee, GC University Lahore (Approval granted to 0681-Mphil-Z-20). The handling of experimental animals was performed following the recommendations in the international guiding principles for biomedical research involving animals (ICLAS, 2012). All manipulation was performed under anesthesia, and all efforts were made to minimize animal stress.

Consent for Publication

All authors have agreed to the peer review of the manuscript and for publication Biological Trace Element Research.

Competing Interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

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Yaqub, A., Nasir, M., Kamran, M. et al. Immunomodulation, Fish Health and Resistance to Staphylococcus aureus of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Fed Diet Supplemented with Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Zinc Acetate. Biol Trace Elem Res 201, 4912–4925 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-023-03571-w

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