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Determination of Concentration of Metals in Grapes Grown in Gonabad Vineyards and Assessment of Associated Health Risks

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Abstract

Metals are considered major public health hazards, and they are known to accumulate in fruits, which are consumed by humans because of their unique sweet taste and potential health benefits. Therefore, the aims of this study were to determine the concentration of ten metals, namely arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) in red grape samples grown in Gonabad vineyards and to estimate the associated health risks of metals in terms of chronic daily intake (CDI), carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks by hazard quotient (HQ), hazard index (HI), and cancer risk (CR) for children, teenagers, and adults. The overall concentrations of the metals in red grapes were in the range 0.07–0.5 (mean 0.14), 0.08–0.13 (mean 0.10), 0.07–0.13 (mean 0.09), 0.06–1.49 (mean 0.29), 0.52–4.12 (mean 1.65), 6.43–42.17 (mean 19.01), 0.89–4.04 (mean 1.89), 0.07–9.23 (mean 0.71), 0.07–0.37 (mean 0.18), and 0.40–4.13 (mean 1.05) mg/kg dry weight for As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn, respectively. Based on the results, As in 11.76% and Zn in 5.88% of the samples exceeded the FAO/WHO permissible limits. The estimated non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk indices for children, teenagers, and adults showed that the results were lower than the critical value (1) and were in acceptable range. Therefore, red grape is safe for consumption with no impact on the human health. However, red grape consumption was just one part of fruit consumption, and the potential health hazards for inhabitants might actually be higher than in this research when other routes of heavy metal intake and also other fruits are considered.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Professor Mehdi Zarrei in Sickkids Hospital in Toronto, Canada, and Mansoureh Farhang for valuable comments and suggestions, allowing us to improve this paper.

Funding

This research was supported by funds provided by Vice Chancellor for Research and Technology University of Medical Sciences, Iran.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran

    Roya Peirovi-Minaee

  2. School of Medicine, Social Medicine Department, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran

    Ali Alami

  3. Department of Civil Engineering, University of Gonabad, Gonabad, Iran

    Alireza Moghaddam

  4. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Infectious Diseases Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran

    Ahmad Zarei

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  1. Roya Peirovi-Minaee
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Conceptualization and study design: Roya Peirovi-Minaee and Ali Alami; review of literature and drafting: Ahmad Zarei and Roya Peirovi-Minaee; writing-review and editing: Ahmad Zarei and Alireza Moghaddam; field and laboratory work: Roya Peirovi-Minaee.

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Peirovi-Minaee, R., Alami, A., Moghaddam, A. et al. Determination of Concentration of Metals in Grapes Grown in Gonabad Vineyards and Assessment of Associated Health Risks. Biol Trace Elem Res 201, 3541–3552 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-022-03428-8

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