Abstract
N6-Methyladenosine (m6A) mRNA methylation modification is regarded as an important mechanism involved in diverse physiological processes. YT521-B homology (YTH) domain family members are associated with the tumorigenesis of several cancers. However, the role of YTHDC2 in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) progression remains unknown. Results showed that YTHDC1, YTHDF1, YTHDF2, and YTHDF3 showed no observable difference in thyroid cancer samples. YTHDC2 was significantly downregulated in thyroid cancer samples and cells. YTHDC2 inhibited cell proliferation in PTC cells. YTHDC2 elicited apoptosis in PTC cells, as demonstrated by the elevated expression of pro-apoptotic factors cl-caspase-3/caspase-3 and Bcl-2-associated (Bax), and the reduced anti-apoptotic B cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) expression. There was a positive correlation between YTHDC2 and cylindromatosis (CYLD) expression based on GEPIA database. YTHDC2 increased CYLD expression in PTC cells. CYLD knockdown abolished the effects of YTHDC2 on PTC cell proliferation and apoptosis. Additionally, YTHDC2 inactivated the protein kinase B (Akt) pathway by increasing CYLD in PTC cells. Overall, YTHDC2 inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in PTC cells by regulating CYLD-mediated inactivation of Akt pathway.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data Availability
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
References
Zheng, H., Wang, M., Jiang, L., Chu, H., Hu, J., Ning, J., et al. (2016). BRAF-activated long noncoding RNA modulates papillary thyroid carcinoma cell proliferation through regulating thyroid stimulating hormone receptor. Cancer Research and Treatment, 48, 698–707.
Cabanillas, M. E., McFadden, D. G., & Durante, C. (2016). Thyroid cancer. Lancet, 388, 2783–2795.
Kitahara, C. M., & Sosa, J. A. (2020). Understanding the ever-changing incidence of thyroid cancer. Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 16, 617–618.
Siegel, R. L., & Miller, K. D. (2021). Cancer Statistics, 2021. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 71, 7–33.
Fagin, J. A., & Wells, S. A., Jr. (2016). Biologic and clinical perspectives on thyroid cancer. New England Journal of Medicine, 375, 1054–1067.
Li, G., Lei, J., Peng, Q., Jiang, K., Chen, W., Zhao, W., et al. (2017). Lymph node metastasis characteristics of papillary thyroid carcinoma located in the isthmus: A single-center analysis. Medicine (Baltimore), 96, e7143.
Viola, D., Materazzi, G., Valerio, L., Molinaro, E., Agate, L., Faviana, P., et al. (2015). Prophylactic central compartment lymph node dissection in papillary thyroid carcinoma: Clinical implications derived from the first prospective randomized controlled single institution study. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 100, 1316–1324.
Zhao, B. S., Roundtree, I. A., & He, C. (2017). Post-transcriptional gene regulation by mRNA modifications. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, 18, 31–42.
Frye, M., & Harada, B. T. (2018). RNA modifications modulate gene expression during development. Science, 361, 1346–1349.
Liao, S., Sun, H., & Xu, C. (2018). YTH domain: A family of N(6)-methyladenosine (m(6)A) readers. Genomics, Proteomics & Bioinformatics, 16, 99–107.
Liu, J., & Eckert, M. A. (2018). m(6)A mRNA methylation regulates AKT activity to promote the proliferation and tumorigenicity of endometrial cancer. Nature Cell Biology, 20, 1074–1083.
Wei, W., Ji, X., Guo, X., & Ji, S. (2017). Regulatory role of N(6)-methyladenosine (m(6) A) methylation in RNA processing and human diseases. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, 118, 2534–2543.
Liu, Z. X., Li, L. M., Sun, H. L., & Liu, S. M. (2018). Link between m6A modification and cancers. Front Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 6, 89.
Wang, T., Kong, S., Tao, M., & Ju, S. (2020). The potential role of RNA N6-methyladenosine in Cancer progression. Molecular Cancer, 19, 88.
Anita, R., Paramasivam, A., Priyadharsini, J. V., & Chitra, S. (2020). The m6A readers YTHDF1 and YTHDF3 aberrations associated with metastasis and predict poor prognosis in breast cancer patients. American Journal of Cancer Research, 10, 2546–2554.
Tanabe, A., Tanikawa, K., Tsunetomi, M., Takai, K., Ikeda, H., Konno, J., et al. (2016). RNA helicase YTHDC2 promotes cancer metastasis via the enhancement of the efficiency by which HIF-1α mRNA is translated. Cancer Letters, 376, 34–42.
Hou, J., Shan, H., Zhang, Y., Fan, Y., & Wu, B. (2020). m(6)A RNA methylation regulators have prognostic value in papillary thyroid carcinoma. American Journal of Otolaryngology, 41, 102547.
Tang, Z., Li, C., Kang, B., Gao, G., Li, C., & Zhang, Z. (2017). GEPIA: A web server for cancer and normal gene expression profiling and interactive analyses. Nucleic Acids Research, 45, W98-w102.
Wang, J., Tan, L., Jia, B., Yu, X., Yao, R., Ouyang, N., et al. (2021). Downregulation of m(6)A reader YTHDC2 promotes the proliferation and migration of malignant lung cells via CYLD/NF-κB pathway. International Journal of Biological Sciences, 17, 2633–2651.
Viglietto, G., Amodio, N., Malanga, D., Scrima, M., & De Marco, C. (2011). Contribution of PKB/AKT signaling to thyroid cancer. Frontiers in Bioscience (Landmark Ed), 16, 1461–1487.
Jung, C. K., Little, M. P., Lubin, J. H., Brenner, A. V., Wells, S. A., Jr., Sigurdson, A. J., et al. (2014). The increase in thyroid cancer incidence during the last four decades is accompanied by a high frequency of BRAF mutations and a sharp increase in RAS mutations. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 99, E276-285.
Lee, S. K., Lee, J. H., Bae, S. Y., Kim, J., Kim, M., Lee, H. C., et al. (2015). Lateral neck sentinel lymph node biopsy in papillary thyroid carcinoma, is it really necessary? A randomized, controlled study. Surgery, 157, 518–525.
Ma, L., Chen, T., Zhang, X., Miao, Y., Tian, X., Yu, K., et al. (2021). The m(6)A reader YTHDC2 inhibits lung adenocarcinoma tumorigenesis by suppressing SLC7A11-dependent antioxidant function. Redox Biology, 38, 101801.
He, J. J., Li, Z., Rong, Z. X., Gao, J., Mu, Y., Guan, Y. D., et al. (2020). m(6)A reader YTHDC2 promotes radiotherapy resistance of nasopharyngeal carcinoma via activating IGF1R/AKT/S6 signaling axis. Frontiers in Oncology, 10, 1166.
Yang, N., Ying, P., Tian, J., Wang, X., Mei, S., Zou, D., et al. (2020). Genetic variants in m6A modification genes are associated with esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma in the Chinese population. Carcinogenesis, 41, 761–768.
Li, Y., Zheng, J. N., Wang, E. H., Gong, C. J., Lan, K. F., & Ding, X. (2020). The m6A reader protein YTHDC2 is a potential biomarker and associated with immune infiltration in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. PeerJ, 8, e10385.
Bignell, G. R., Warren, W., Seal, S., Takahashi, M., Rapley, E., Barfoot, R., et al. (2000). Identification of the familial cylindromatosis tumour-suppressor gene. Nature Genetics, 25, 160–165.
Komander, D., Lord, C. J., Scheel, H., Swift, S., Hofmann, K., Ashworth, A., et al. (2008). The structure of the CYLD USP domain explains its specificity for Lys63-linked polyubiquitin and reveals a B box module. Molecular Cell, 29, 451–464.
Urbanik, T., Koehler, B. C., Wolpert, L., Elßner, C., Scherr, A. L., Longerich, T., et al. (2014). CYLD deletion triggers nuclear factor-κB-signaling and increases cell death resistance in murine hepatocytes. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 20, 17049–17064.
Sun, S. C. (2010). CYLD: A tumor suppressor deubiquitinase regulating NF-kappaB activation and diverse biological processes. Cell Death and Differentiation, 17, 25–34.
Nikolaou, K., Tsagaratou, A., Eftychi, C., Kollias, G., Mosialos, G., & Talianidis, I. (2012). Inactivation of the deubiquitinase CYLD in hepatocytes causes apoptosis, inflammation, fibrosis, and cancer. Cancer Cell, 21, 738–750.
Massoumi, R. (2011). CYLD: A deubiquitination enzyme with multiple roles in cancer. Future Oncology, 7, 285–297.
Massoumi, R., Kuphal, S., Hellerbrand, C., Haas, B., Wild, P., Spruss, T., et al. (2009). Down-regulation of CYLD expression by Snail promotes tumor progression in malignant melanoma. Journal of Experimental Medicine, 206, 221–232.
Hellerbrand, C., Bumes, E., Bataille, F., Dietmaier, W., Massoumi, R., & Bosserhoff, A. K. (2007). Reduced expression of CYLD in human colon and hepatocellular carcinomas. Carcinogenesis, 28, 21–27.
Hayashi, M., Jono, H., Shinriki, S., Nakamura, T., Guo, J., Sueta, A., et al. (2014). Clinical significance of CYLD downregulation in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 143, 447–457.
Li, D., Jian, W., Wei, C., Song, H., Gu, Y., Luo, Y., et al. (2014). Down-regulation of miR-181b promotes apoptosis by targeting CYLD in thyroid papillary cancer. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, 7, 7672–7680.
Saji, M., & Ringel, M. D. (2010). The PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway in initiation and progression of thyroid tumors. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 321, 20–28.
Bartholomeusz, C., & Gonzalez-Angulo, A. M. (2012). Targeting the PI3K signaling pathway in cancer therapy. Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets, 16, 121–130.
Petrulea, M. S., Plantinga, T. S., Smit, J. W., Georgescu, C. E., & Netea-Maier, R. T. (2015). PI3K/Akt/mTOR: A promising therapeutic target for non-medullary thyroid carcinoma. Cancer Treatment Reviews, 41, 707–713.
Lin, S. F., Huang, Y. Y., Lin, J. D., Chou, T. C., Hsueh, C., & Wong, R. J. (2012). Utility of a PI3K/mTOR inhibitor (NVP-BEZ235) for thyroid cancer therapy. PLoS ONE, 7, e46726.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Guangying Zhou and Shasha Wang conducted the experiments, analyzed the results, and drafted the paper.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate
This article does not contain any studies with human participants performed by any of the authors.
Consent for Publication
Not applicable.
Competing Interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Zhou, G., Wang, S. YTHDC2 Retards Cell Proliferation and Triggers Apoptosis in Papillary Thyroid Cancer by Regulating CYLD-Mediated Inactivation of Akt Signaling. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 196, 588–603 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-023-04540-8
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-023-04540-8