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Highly Sensitive Enzymatic Biosensor Based on Polyaniline-Wrapped Titanium Dioxide Nanohybrid for Fish Freshness Detection

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Abstract

Herein, we envisage the fabrication of a highly sensitive enzymatic electrochemical biosensor for selective detection of xanthine (Xn) using xanthine oxidase (XOs) immobilized polyaniline-wrapped titanium dioxide (PANI@TiO2) nanohybrid as a sensing platform. The PANI@TiO2 nanohybrid was synthesized via chemical polymerization using ammonium per sulfate as an oxidant. Various microscopic, spectroscopic, and electrochemical techniques have been utilized to confirm the electrophoretic deposition of the PANI and PANI@TiO2 nanohybrids on to indium tin oxide (ITO) coated glass substrate. The fabricated XOs/PANI@TiO2/ITO electrode exhibits enhanced electron transfer kinetics with an electron transfer rate constant of 0.904 cm s−1. The electrochemical results show that the fabricated biosensor can detect Xn in the concentration range 1–100 µM, with a limit of detection of 0.1 µM (S/N = 3) and a response time of 10 s. The validation of the biosensors has been conducted using real samples obtained from the rohu (Labeo rohita) fish. The proposed biosensor can be a reliable analytical tool for determining Xn concentration in commercial fish and meat samples.

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Abbreviations

MWCNT:

Multiwalled carbon nanotubes

XO:

Xanthine oxidase

CaCO3 :

Calcium carbonate

GCE:

Glassy carbon electrode

Ag:

Silver

ZnO:

Zinc oxide

poly-TTCA:

Poly-5,2′:5′,2″-terthiophine-3-carboxylic acid

Au:

Gold

TiO2 :

Titanium dioxide

ITO:

Indium tin oxide

DPV:

Differential pulse voltammetry

CV:

Cyclic voltammetry

EIS:

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

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Acknowledgements

Deeksha acknowledges DST-INSPIRE for the SRF Award. C.M. Pandey acknowledges the Department of Science and Technology (DST), New Delhi, India for the DST-INSPIRE Faculty award.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Applied Chemistry, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, 110042, India

    Deeksha Thakur, Chandra Mouli Pandey & D. Kumar

  2. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary University, Gurugram, 122505, Haryana, India

    Chandra Mouli Pandey

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  1. Deeksha Thakur
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Contributions

Deeksha: conceptualization, methodology, data curation, formal analysis, writing—original draft. CMP: supervision, investigation, validation, writing—review and editing, funding acquisition. DK: supervision, validation, project administration, writing—review and editing.

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Correspondence to Chandra Mouli Pandey or D. Kumar.

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Thakur, D., Pandey, C.M. & Kumar, D. Highly Sensitive Enzymatic Biosensor Based on Polyaniline-Wrapped Titanium Dioxide Nanohybrid for Fish Freshness Detection. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 194, 3765–3778 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-022-03931-7

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