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Environmental Distribution, Metabolic Fate, and Degradation Mechanism of Chlorpyrifos: Recent and Future Perspectives

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Abstract

Pesticides play a significant role in crop production and have become an inevitable part of the modern environment due to their extensive distribution throughout the soil ecosystem. Prophylactic applications of chlorpyrifos (CP) affect soil fertility, modify soil microbial community structure, and pose potential health risks to the nontarget organisms. Bioremediation through microbial metabolism is found to be an ecofriendly and cheaper process for CP removal from the environment. So far, various bacterial and fungal communities have been reported for CP and its metabolites degradation. Organophosphorus hydrolase (OPH) and methyl parathion hydrolase (MPH) are crucial bacterial enzymes for CP degradation as they efficiently hydrolyze the unbreakable P-O and P = S bond. This review discusses the prospects of toxicity level, persistency, and harmful effects of CP on the environment. CP degradation mechanisms, metabolic pathways, and key enzymes, along with their structural details, are also featured. The highlights on molecular docking with OPH and MPH enzyme for CP show the best binding affinity with OPH; hence, it is an essential part of CP degradation. Simultaneously, metagenomic analysis of soil from contaminated agricultural lands and wastewater was analyzed with the goal to identify the dominant CP degraders and enzymes. The identification of potent degraders, key enzymes, and evaluation of microbial community dynamics upon pesticide exposure can be used as a warning for its dissemination and biomagnification into the food chain.

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Data and materials availability

The data sets used in the review article are the secondary data and publically available at the NCBI.

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Acknowledgements

Rahul Bhende is grateful to CSIR for the award of Junior Research Fellow (JRF) for pursuing Ph.D. work. Authors would like to thank Director, CSIR-NEERI, Nagpur, for providing the support and facilities. The manuscript has been checked for plagiarism by Knowledge Resource Centre, CSIR-NEERI, Nagpur, India, and assigned KRC no.: CSIR-NEERI/KRC/2021/MAY/EBGD/02.

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  1. Environmental Biotechnology and Genomics Division, CSIR–National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur, 440020, India

    Rahul S. Bhende, Upasana Jhariya, Shweta Srivastava, Sakina Bombaywala, Sanchita Das & Nishant A. Dafale

  2. Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India

    Shweta Srivastava, Sakina Bombaywala & Nishant A. Dafale

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  6. Nishant A. Dafale
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Contributions

Rahul Bhende: investigation, writing original draft and review; Upasana Jhariya: in silico analysis, data curation, writing original draft and review; Shweta Srivastava: in silico analysis, data curation, writing original draft and review; Sakina Bombaywala: in silico analysis, data curation, writing (review and editing); Sanchita Das: writing (review and editing); Nishant A. Dafale: supervision, conceptualization, planning of in silico analysis, and finalization of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Nishant A. Dafale.

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Bhende, R.S., Jhariya, U., Srivastava, S. et al. Environmental Distribution, Metabolic Fate, and Degradation Mechanism of Chlorpyrifos: Recent and Future Perspectives. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 194, 2301–2335 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-021-03713-7

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