Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Synthesis and characterization of Cerbera odollam (sea mango) oil-based alkyd resin as binder for surface coating paint and matrix material for reinforced polymer composites

  • Published:
Journal of Coatings Technology and Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Cerbera odollam oil was extracted from the dried Cerbera odollam seeds by the Soxhlet extraction method. Cerbera odollam seed oil-based alkyd resins were synthesized by the alcoholysis–polyesterification process via reaction of the oil with varying amounts of phthalic and maleic anhydride. Standard evaluation methods were used to analyze the physicochemical features of the resins, including acid value, viscosity, and others. Evaluation tests such as drying times, pencil hardness, adhesion, gloss measurement, and chemical inertness were employed to study the film performance of the produced alkyd resins. Mechanical characteristics such as ultimate tensile strength, strength under impact, elastic modulus, surface hardness, and water absorption were evaluated. Further characterization to study the organic architecture of the oil and alkyd resins was carried out by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (1H NMR). The resin with the higher percentage of maleic anhydride showed better surface coating application performance in set-to-touch (88 min), dry-to-touch time (105 min), and pencil hardness (5B) while resin higher in phthalic anhydride shows better results in gloss (92.5) and alkali resistance. On the other hand, the resin with the higher percentage of maleic anhydride showed better mechanical performance in tensile strength, tensile modulus, impact strength, and surface hardness while resin with higher percentage of phthalic anhydride showed better results in water absorption and elongation at break. Overall, the synthesized alkyd resins from the Cerbera odollam seed oil possessed great application potential in both surface coating and polymer composites as matrix.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

Not applicable.

References

  1. Wutticharoenwong, K, Dziczkowski, J, Soucek, MD, “Tung Based Reactive Diluents for Alkyd Systems: Film Properties.” Prog. Org. Coat., 73 283–290 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Madiebo, E, Uzoh, C, Onukwuli, O, “Fire Retardancy of Cloisite® 20 Organoclay Modified Dehydrated Castor Oil-Based Alkyd Resin.” Arab. J. Sci. Eng., 41 4753–4761 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Chiplunkar, PP, Pratap, AP, “Utilization of Sunflower Acid Oil for Synthesis of Alkyd Resin.” Prog. Org. Coat., 93 61–67 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Ifijen, IH, Odi, HD, Maliki, M, Omorogbe, SO, Aigbodion, AI, Ikhuoria, EU, “Correlative Studies on the Properties of Rubber Seed and Soybean Oil-Based Alkyd Resins and Their Blends.” J. Coat. Technol. Res., 18 459–467 (2021)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. İşeri-Çağlar, D, Baştürk, E, Oktay, B, Kahraman, MV, “Preparation and Evaluation of Linseed Oil Based Alkyd Paints.” Prog. Org. Coat., 77 81–86 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Uzoh, C, Onukwuli, O, Odera, R, Ofochebe, S, “Optimization of Polyesterification Process for Production of Palm Oil Modified Alkyd Resin Using Response Surface Methodology.” J. Environ. Chem. Eng., 1 777–785 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Ataei, S, Khorasani, SN, Torkaman, R, Neisiany, RE, Koochaki, MS, “Self-Healing Performance of an Epoxy Coating Containing Microencapsulated Alkyd Resin Based on Coconut Oil.” Prog. Org. Coat., 120 160–166 (2018)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Aigbodion, A, Okieimen, F, “Kinetics of the Preparation of Rubber Seed Oil Alkyds.” Eur. Polym. J., 32 1105–1108 (1996)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Boruah, M, Gogoi, P, Adhikari, B, Dolui, SK, “Preparation and Characterization of Jatropha Curcas Oil Based Alkyd Resin Suitable for Surface Coating.” Prog. Org. Coat., 74 596–602 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Chaudhari, A, Kulkarni, R, Mahulikar, P, Sohn, D, Gite, V, “Development of PU Coatings from Neem Oil Based Alkyds Prepared by the Monoglyceride Route.” J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 92 733–741 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Ogunniyi, D, Odetoye, T, “Preparation and Evaluation of Tobacco Seed Oil-Modified Alkyd Resins.” Bioresour. Technol., 99 1300–1304 (2008)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Lie, J, Rizkiana, MB, Soetaredjo, FE, Ju, Y-H, Ismadji, S, “Production of Biodiesel From Sea Mango (Cerbera odollam) Seed Using in situ Subcritical Methanol–Water Under a non-Catalytic Process.” Int. J. Ind. Chem., 9 53–59 (2018)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Gaillard, Y, Krishnamoorthy, A, Bevalot, F, “Cerbera odollam: A ‘Suicide Tree’and Cause of Death in the State of Kerala, India.” J. Ethnopharmacol., 95 123–126 (2004)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Kansedo, J, Lee, KT, “Process Optimization and Kinetic Study for Biodiesel Production from Non-Edible Sea Mango (Cerbera odollam) Oil Using Response Surface Methodology.” Chem. Eng. J., 214 157–164 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Chen, K, Steldt, FA, “Cerberin and cerberoside, the Cardiac Principles of Cerbera odollam.” J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 76 167–174 (1942)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. O’Brien, R, Formulating and Processing for Applications. Fats and Oils. CRC Press, USA (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  17. Laphookhieo, S, Cheenpracha, S, Karalai, C, Chantrapromma, S, Ponglimanont, C, Chantrapromma, K, “Cytotoxic Cardenolide Glycoside from the Seeds of Cerbera odollam.” Phytochemistry, 65 507–510 (2004)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Shen, LR, Jin, SM, Yin, BW, Du, XF, Wang, YL, Huo, CH, “Chemical Constituents of Plants from the Genus Cerbera.” Chem. Biodivers., 4 1438–1449 (2007)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Iawsipo, P, Choksawangkarn, W, Promdan, C, Nilkasam, P, “Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of Cerbera manghas and C. odollam Leaf Extracts.” Burapha Science Journal, 22 129–140 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  20. Kandola, BK, Krishnan, L, Ebdon, JR, Myler, P, “Structure-Property Relationships in Structural Glass Fibre Reinforced Composites From Unsaturated Polyester and Inherently Fire Retardant Phenolic Resin Matrix Blends.” Compos. B: Eng., 182 107607 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Reddy, MI, Varma, UP, Kumar, IA, Manikanth, V, Raju, PK, “Comparative Evaluation on Mechanical Properties of Jute, Pineapple Leaf Fiber and Glass Fiber Reinforced Composites with Polyester and Epoxy Resin Matrices.” Mater. Today Proc., 5 5649–5654 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Miskolczi, N, “Polyester Resins as a Matrix Material in Advanced Fibre-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composites.” In: Advanced Fibre-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composites for Structural Applications, pp. 44–68. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1533/9780857098641.1.44 (2013)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  23. Kithiia, MW, David, MM, Stephen, MM, Siphila, MW, “Flexural Properties of Surface-Modified Sisal Fiber-Reinforced Polyester Resin Composites.” J. Nat. Fibers, 19 9959–9972 (2022)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Wilson García, NA, Almaral Sánchez, JL, Vargas Ortiz, RÁ, Hurtado Macías, A, Flores Ramírez, N, Aguilar Palazuelos, E, Flores Valenzuela, J, Castro Beltrán, A, Alvarado Beltrán, CG, “Physical and Mechanical Properties of Unsaturated Polyester Resin Matrix from Recycled PET (based PG) with Corn Straw Fiber.” J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 138 51305 (2021)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Kumar, NR, Dwarakadasa, E, “Effect of Matrix Strength on the Mechanical Properties of Al–Zn–Mg/SiCP Composites.” Compos. A: Appl. Sci. Manuf., 31 1139–1145 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Jiang, L, Zhou, Y, Jin, F, Hou, Z, “Influence of Polymer Matrices on the Tensile and Impact Properties of Long Fiber-Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites.” Polymers, 15 408 (2023)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. AOCS A, Official Method Cd 3d-63. Acid Value of Fats and Oils, Official Methods and Recommended Practices of the AOCS. American Oil Chemists Society Press, 2017.

  28. Nosal, H, Nowicki, J, Warzała, M, Nowakowska-Bogdan, E, Zarębska, M, “Synthesis and Characterization of Alkyd Resins Based on Camelina Sativa Oil and Polyglycerol.” Prog. Org. Coat., 86 59–70 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Flores, S, Flores, A, Calderón, C, Obregón, D, “Synthesis and Characterization of sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.) Oil-Based Alkyd Resin.” Prog. Org. Coat., 136 105289 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Otabor, G, Ifijen, I, Mohammed, F, Aigbodion, A, Ikhuoria, E, “Alkyd Resin from Rubber Seed Oil/Linseed Oil Blend: A Comparative Study of the Physiochemical Properties.” Heliyon, 5 e01621 (2019)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Starr, BC, Inter-Relationships between Chemistry, Network Structure and Properties of Chain Growth Dimethacrylate Thermosets. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  32. Hofmann, M, Garrido, M, Machado, M, Correia, JR, Bordado, JC, “Development of High-Performance Partially Biobased Thermoset Polyester Using Renewable Building Blocks from Isosorbide, 1, 3-Propanediol, and Fumaric Acid.” J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 139 e53029 (2022)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Itoua, BV, Ogunniyi, D, Ongoka, P, Petrov, L, “Effect of Fumaric Acid on the Properties of Alkyd Resin and Palm Oil Blend.” Bulg. Chem. Commun., 49 127–133 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  34. Robert, T, Friebel, S, “Itaconic Acid–A Versatile Building Block for Renewable Polyesters with Enhanced Functionality.” Green Chem., 18 2922–2934 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Haseebuddin, S, Parmar, R, Waghoo, G, Ghosh, SK, “Study of Hexafunctional Polyol in High Solids Air-Drying Alkyd: Improved Film Performance.” Prog. Org. Coat., 64 446–453 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Warzeska, ST, Zonneveld, M, van Gorkum, R, Muizebelt, WJ, Bouwman, E, Reedijk, J, “The Influence of Bipyridine on the Drying of Alkyd Paints: A Model Study.” Prog. Org. Coat., 44 243–248 (2002)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Das, G, Karak, N, “Thermostable and Flame Retardant Mesua ferrea L. Seed Oil Based Non-Halogenated Epoxy Resin/Clay Nanocomposites.” Prog. Org. Coat., 69 495–503 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Mahapatra, SS, Karak, N, “Synthesis and Characterization of Polyesteramide Resins from Nahar Seed Oil for Surface Coating Applications.” Prog. Org. Coat., 51 103–108 (2004)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Ploeger, R, Scalarone, D, Chiantore, O, “The Characterization of Commercial Artists’ Alkyd Paints.” J. Cult. Herit., 9 412–419 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Huang, J, Fu, P, Li, W, Xiao, L, Chen, J, Nie, X, “Influence of Crosslinking Density on the Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Plant Oil-Based Epoxy Resin.” RSC Adv., 12 23048–23056. https://doi.org/10.1039/D2RA04206A (2022)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. Aly, KI, Sun, J, Kuckling, D, Younis, O, “Polyester Resins Based on Soybean Oil: Synthesis and Characterization.” J. Polym. Res., 27 1–8 (2020)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Dave, PN, Khosla, E, “Blends, Interpenetrating Polymer Networks, and Gels of Unsaturated Polyester Resin Polymers With Other Polymers.” In: Unsaturated Polyester Resins, pp. 153–172. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-816129-6.00006-5 (2019)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  43. Gao, Z, Chen, W, Chen, X, Wang, D, Yi, S, “Study on the Isomerization of Maleic Acid to Fumaric Acid without Catalyst.” Bull. Korean Chem. Soc., 39 920–924 (2018)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Crossley, R, Schubel, P, Stevenson, A, “Furan Matrix and Flax Fibre as a Sustainable Renewable Composite: Mechanical and Fire-Resistant Properties in Comparison to Phenol, Epoxy and Polyester.” J. Reinforc. Plast. Compos., 33 58–68 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Montoya-Ospina, MC, Verhoogt, H, Ordner, M, Tan, X, Osswald, TA, “Effect of Cross-Linking on the Mechanical Properties, Degree of Crystallinity and Thermal Stability of Polyethylene Vitrimers.” Polym. Eng. Sci., 62 4203–4213 (2022)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Yu, B, Yang, J, “1.20 Hygrothermal Effects in Composites.” In: Beaumont, PWR, Zweben, CH (eds.) Comprehensive Composite Materials II, pp. 502–519. Elsevier, Oxford (2018)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

No funding.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P.M.B., 5025, Awka, Nigeria

    Emeka Michael Madiebo, Chigozie Francolins Uzoh, Okechukwu Dominic Onukwuli, Paschal Enyinnaya Ohale, Chinenyenwa Nkeiruka Nweke, Chinenye Adaobi Igwegbe & Matthew Ndubuisi Abonyi

  2. R&D Division, Hiyest Paints and Chemicals, Enugu, Nigeria

    Emeka Michael Madiebo

  3. Department of Petroleum Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P.M.B., 5025, Awka, Nigeria

    Chigozie Francolins Uzoh

  4. Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Agriculture, Umuagwo, Imo state, Nigeria

    Monday Morgan Chukwu

Authors
  1. Emeka Michael Madiebo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Chigozie Francolins Uzoh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Okechukwu Dominic Onukwuli
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Paschal Enyinnaya Ohale
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Chinenyenwa Nkeiruka Nweke
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Chinenye Adaobi Igwegbe
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Matthew Ndubuisi Abonyi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Monday Morgan Chukwu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Emeka Michael Madiebo performed the laboratory work and wrote the original manuscript. Okechukwu Onukwuli and Chigozie Uzoh did the supervision of the laboratory work. Paschal Ohale, Chinenye Nkeiruka Nweke, and Chinenye Adaobi Igwegbe did curation of data, proofreading, and editing. All authors reviewed the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Emeka Michael Madiebo.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Madiebo, E.M., Uzoh, C.F., Onukwuli, O.D. et al. Synthesis and characterization of Cerbera odollam (sea mango) oil-based alkyd resin as binder for surface coating paint and matrix material for reinforced polymer composites. J Coat Technol Res (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11998-024-00917-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11998-024-00917-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation